Sports In Latin America

Sports in Latin America and for U.S. Latinos!

Jeff Isaacson

Andre Markon

Chris Slupek

Bibliography

“ 2005 Veterans Committee Candidates Bios.” Online. National Baseball Hall of Fame. Available http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers_and_honorees/veterans/2005/2005_vc_candidates.htm

This website highlights the numbers of all of the 25 nominees for entrance into the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee. The statistical information on Minnie Miñoso in the Famous Latinos section was taken from the site.

“Achievement Timeline – 1920s.” Online. Hispanic Heritage Plaza . 2004. Available

http://www.hispaniconline.com/hh/timeline/1920.html

This website provides an extensive timeline of Hispanic history. It contributed to the section on Adolfo Luque we used for Famous Latinos. The website highlights important Hispanic achievements in the twentieth century.

“ Baltimore Orioles News.” Online. MLB.com. 16 September 2004 . Available http://baltimore.orioles.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/bal/news/bal_press_release.jsp?ymd=20040916&content_id=860453&vkey=pr_bal&fext=.jsp

This brief story relays information about Latino Night at Camden Yards for the Baltimore Orioles. It was used for the section about prevalence of Latinos in baseball. It is an example of the effort made by teams to reach out to a growing Latino fan base.

“Baseball's Flood of Players Continues to Rise. Online. ESPN.com. 2 April 2004 . Available http://espn.go.com/mlb/news/2003/0402/1532956.html

This short report analyzes the changing demographics of major league baseball. It explores the geographical origins of players from the last decade in an objective manner. It does not take a defensive manner which is common in some mainstream news reports concerning the influx of Latin American players.

“Beisbol (2005).” Online. Internet Movie Database Inc. 22 September 2004 . Available http://imdb.com/title/tt0426410

This website provides one limited predictions about the currently in-production documentary by Alan Swyer and Esai Morales. Unfortunately, only the director, producer, and major cast members are known at this time. It does offer that the movie will contain both Spanish and English.

Bloom, Barry M. “MLB pleased with Mexico series.” Online. MLB.com. 14 March 2004 . Available http://chicago.cubs.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/news/mlb_news.jsp?ymd=20040314&content_id=650502&vkey=spt2004news&fext=.jsp

Bloom discusses the Serie de Primavera, the two Major League Baseball games that took place in Mexico during spring training. The story focuses on the events of the game, but still mentioned the fans that “cheered and rocked.” There was a smaller attendance than the previous year, but an MLB official attributed this to the short advertising period that was available.

Briley, Ron. “ Roman Mejias: Houston 's First Major League Latin Star and the Troubled Legacy of Race Relations in the Lone Star State .” Nine: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 10(1), 2001: 73-88.

Briley, only a high school instructor, presents a harrowing case study of the conflict between Anglo- and Mexican-Americans in Texas . This piece was especially intriguing because of the efforts to modify Texan history we learned about in lecture. It begins by making a bold assertion that Houston 's management has been racist for the last fifty years. However, Briley backs up his hypothesis with numerous examples, including the Colts' (Astros predecessor) controversial and sketchy trade of Cuban star Roman Mejias. It seems the author ends his article a bit short, however; there is no further analysis following the end of Mejias' career in Boston . Briley launches his audience into a disturbing tale, but does not offer many connections to the race relations on the border in the past two decades.

Burgos , Jr., Adrian. “Saying it is So-Sa: Latinos, Race, and America 's Game.” Talk delivered September 28, 2004 . Taken from Adrian Burgos Jr., Playing America 's Game: Baseball, Race, and Latinos , University of California Press , 2004.

The authors of the website are greatly indebted to the work of Adrian Burgos. The University of Illinois professor (and University of Michigan graduate) gave an excellent talk in Ann Arbor that contributed to the generation of the entire website. The rest of his audience were also intrigued, as displayed by the enlightening question-and-answer session that followed. Burgos focuses his research on discrimination of Latinos in baseball, also explores other sports and how they relate to Latinos. His analysis of Sammy Sosa's corked bat incident is greatly appreciated. Burgos also guided parts of the website through electronic mail. We look forward to hopefully attaining a copy of the new book.

Campello, F. Lennox. “Before El Duque There was Luque and Before Robinson There was Estalella.” Online. 2000-2003. Available http://campello.tripod.com/firstblackinbaseball.html

The authors of our website are not entirely sure if Camplello's website is maintained by him or an admirer, given to the references to the author in third person. Nevertheless, this site provided information on the early players such as Esteban Ballan and Adolfo Luque. It contains an in-depth narrative of Cuban baseball until integration in 1947. The site compares these players to Jackie Robinson, one of the first violators of the color line in baseball. There is an interesting diatribe on the “one drop rule,” which insists that any black ancestors means the person is inferior to “pure” whites.

Rodrigo ‘Barão' Texeira, “Rondon já não faz mais parte do elenco”, Últimas Noticias, SPNET http://www.saopaulofc.com.br/news.php?cod=10919 :

This is a short article written by Barão, a member of a fansite of the São Paulo Futebol Clube soccer team of Brasil, based on articles from other news sources. In it, he talks about a player from Venezuela named Alexánder Rondón from Deportivo Tachira (of Venezuela ). He talks about how Alexánder Rondón came from Deportivo Tachira, after the Copa Libertadores tournament ended to São Paulo FC. Alexánder Rondón's coming to one of Brasil's top teams after a marvelous and quite surprising show of skill in the aforementioned tournament. São Paulo FC's defenders (Diego Lugano, Fabão, and Rodrigo) approved him as a player and even suggested to (at time) coach, Cuca, to hire him. Juvenal Juvêncio, São Paulo FC's director of the professional club soccer team, also approved this, and he hired Alexánder Rondón. Barão then talks about how Leão (São Paulo FC's current coach) does not seem to like Rondón very much, and that Rondón should be leaving at the end of 2004.

Caniani, Enrique León. “Será mexicano el técnico de Chivas USA.” El Universal . 20 August, 2004 . Deportes, p. 2

This is an interesting article that came out in one of the most important Mexican newspapers, El Universal . It was written by Enrique León Caniani regarding the new Major League Soccer (MLS) expansion team, the Los Angles Chivas USA —a branch of the Chivas team from the Federación Mexicana de Fútbol league (FMF). In this article, Enrique has some quotes from the general manager of Chivas USA —Hans Westerhof. Hans guarantees that the coach for the new team will be of Mexican origin, a “Chivas fan by heart”. Westerhof and the other directors of Chivas USA promised to announce the coach by September 1 st of this year. According to this article, Westerhof downplays the idea of Colombian coach Juan Carlos Osorio being hired as the new coach. Instead, Enrique suggests that Mexican coach Juan Carlos Ortega could end up becoming the new coach. The members of Chivas USA say that they prefer to wait and find out who the new coach is instead of trying to guess who he is.

Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol, “Historiales/Goleadores de la Copa América desde 1916 a 2001,” Competiciones—Copa Améri ca, Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol, . http://www.conmebol.com/competiciones_evento_historial.jsp?evento=1055&ano=2004&slangab=S&id=57103

This is a website belonging to the Confederación Sul Americana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL), also known as Confederação Sul Americana de Futebol. It is a page with many different statistics regarding the second most important South American, the Copa America, tournament that involves the national teams (the most important is the South American World Cup qualifier tournament). The first group of statistics includes all of the winning, second place, third place, and fourth place teams in the Copa America. According to this list, the southern cone countries (MERCOSUL: Brasil , Argentina , Uruguay , and Paraguay ) have won most of the editions of the Copa America. The second group of statistics includes all of the win-loss-draw records of every country to participate in the Copa America, including guest teams such as Japan and the United States . Even another group of statistics includes the names of the players to score the most goals in each tournament. Mendéz from Argentina is the greatest scorer of all times in the tournament.

D.C. United Media Relations, “United sign Gomez to new contract”, MLSNET, http://www.mlsnet.com/MLS/news/mls_news.jsp?ymd=20041202&content_id=19829&vkey=news_mls&fext=.jsp

This is an article on the Major League Soccer Network website. It is about a Hispanic (Argentine, to be more specific) player named Christian Gomez who plays for the Washington D.C. team D.C. United. The team was quite satisfied with Christan Gomez's performance in the 2004 season after joining the team on loan in August of the same year. The president and chief-executive-operator (CEO) of D.C. United, Kevin Payne, said that re-signing Christian Gomez was a priority for D.C. United in the off-season. Christian Gomez plays as a mid –forward and almost scored twice in his first game. Christian Gomez played in both the first and second division in Argentina , including the “powers” Independiente de Avellaneda,Argentinos Juniors, and Arsenal (not the British one!). Christian Gomez became a very important player for D.C. United. He scored four goals in the last season, and two of them were considered to be Sierra Mist Goal of the Week .

“Dodgers team with Telemundo's KWHY.” Online. MLB.com. 22 July 2004 . Available

http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/la/news/la_press_release.jsp?ymd=20040723&content_id=807548&vkey=pr_la&fext=.jsp

This press release presents a concise analysis of the local Spanish media's relationship with the Los Angeles team. The city's large and influential Hispanic population has created a diverse television landscape. Telemundo dominates the market here.

Duarte, Marcelo. O Guia dos Curiosos . São Paulo: Editora Schawrcz, 1995. p. 262.

This is a very interesting book. In it, Marcelo Duarte, has compiled basically what any person could ever want to know about everything. In it Marcelo Duarte talks about the Universe in general, the animal kingdom, ecology, the human body, food, sports, inventions, power, religion, history, the world in general, art and music, folklore, dates and festivals, measurements and statistics, language and literature, people, television and cinema, comics, and general lists. Marcelo Duarte first published this book in 1995 and was among the most popular books in Brasil. Like in his book on sports, Marcelo Duarte focuses a lot on Brasil when it applies. He is though very thorough on everything he talks about, even when it does not involve Brasil in any way, shape, or form. This is a book that I recommend to anybody who can speak Portuguese as I am not sure if there is a translated version of this great book. If there is, I highly recommend it.

Duarte, Marcelo. O Guia dos Curiosos: Esportes . São Paulo: Editora Schawrcz, 1996. p. 212.

This is very similar to the aforementioned book, but a lot less general in terms of subject matter. It was published earlier than the aforementioned book. In it, he talks about the Olympics, other big competitions, other issues, track and field, group sports, soccer, basketball, volleyball, sports that require rackets, ground sports, aquatic sports, Aerial sports, fighting and racing. Marcelo Duarte focuses on Brasilian sports and Brasilian sport stars, however he does not ignore other sport stars. Marcelo Duarte has every single imaginable itty-bitty detail on every single sport played in the world. One can only wonder how long it took him to research and compile all of this information. For example, do you know who the tallest basketball player of all time was? He was a Libyan national by the name Suleiman Ali. He was 2.44 meters tall! This is the type of information that can be found in this book. I recommend you read this!

Echevarria, Vito. “Logan's run.” His panic 10.10 (1997): 18-22.

This is an interesting article regarding the success of the relatively young Major League Soccer league. It focuses on Douglas Logan, the CEO, commissioner, and president (at the time) of the MLS. Vito Echevarria attributes much of the MLS's success to Logan . It is an article that focuses on the fact that Logan was able to notice that by attracting the Latino market to the game he could make it successful. Logan was able to take a league that had very little chance to actually succeed and get a truly powerful fan base. It still has much to grow. It then talks about how the Doug Logan had higher hopes for the league and mentions some of the plans that he had that never ended up really taking place. One of which was to set up a team to attract Brasilians to the MLS. The idea of such a team, which was supposed to be in Miami , never took off. To really understand the MLS and where it has been, one should read this article.

Encyclopedia Britannica Online, “Baseball,” Encyclopedia Britannica, http://search.eb.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/eb/article?tocId=30430

This article was not really used much. It is an encyclopedia entry regarding the, so-called, “American Pastime”, baseball. It is divided into a few different parts. The most important ones include baseball's history, analysis of the game, how to play the game, and how baseball is involved in with the arts. This is a compilation of a bunch of different information on the game put together.

Encyclopedia Britannica Online, “Football,” Encyclopedia Britannica, http://search.eb.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/eb/article?tocId=9108489&query=soccer&ct =

This article is very similar to the above article, but it is about soccer instead. It is a lot shorter though (in terms of different contents within). It is a very interesting encyclopedia entry with a lot of information on soccer all packaged in a nice, neat, easy to read entry. I highly recommend it to anybody who really does not know much about the world's most popular game!

Flores, Angelique. “Flying with the Angels; Arturo Moreno.” Hispanic , July/August 2003, 68.

Flores describes the Arturo, manager of the Anaheim Angels with clarity and objectivity. She points out his beginnings, and how that contributed to his happy-go-lucky attitude. He is much more well known for “his manners, rather than his money.” The article highlights all of Moreno 's positive characteristics, but fails to mention any philanthropic efforts. If Moreno truly wants to help people, wouldn't buying them a car to drive to work be more productive than making them happier for a few hours? Hopefully Flores just fails to bring up his financial and physical donations, for if she claims Moreno is doing so much encouraging work, the non-baseball fans of Anaheim need to see some results.

Foer, Franklin. How Soccer Explains the World: an {Unlikely} Theory of Globalization. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2004. p. 239, 240, 243, 244, 245.

This is one of the best books ever written about soccer and how it is spreading throughout the world. It is a very witty book on how soccer is affecting many different locations of the world. The contents include: How soccer explains: the Ganster's paradise, the Pornography of Sects, the Jewish Question, the Sentimental Hooligan, the Survival of the Top Hats, the black Carpathians, the New Oligarchs, the Discreet Charm of Bourgeois Nationalism, Islam's Hope, and the American Culture Wars. It shows how soccer truly affects peoples life and how it really also affects society as a whole. He talks about soccer's history and, in many different instances, compares it to other sports such as baseball and football. He also uses this book to explain the world. One of the best examples he talks about is Scottish soccer and how it is very religion oriented (ie. Catholics in Glasgow root for Celtic, and Protestants in Glasgow tend to root for the Rangers, thus creating a very strong rivalry).

Folha Online. “ Ronaldo diz que Ronaldinho merece prêmio de melhor jogador em 2004 .” Folha de São Paulo . 17 No vember, 2004 . Esportes. http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/esporte/ult92u83202.shtml

This is an article involving one of the best, if not the best player in the world of soccer right now. It is an article by one of Brasil's most important newspapers regarding Ronaldinho Gaucho of Fútbol Club Barcelona (also known as Barça, FC Barcelona, FC Barça). He is being considered for the FIFA best player in the world for the year of 2004. He is such a great player that fellow Brasilian, Ronaldo “o fenômeno” (the phenomenon) from Real Madrid says that Ronaldinho Gaucho deserves to win this “title”. The prize will be given on December twentieth in Zurich , Switzerland . Ronaldinho Gaucho is computing with thirty four other players for this prize.

France Presse. “ Maradona chega a Havana para tratamento contra as drogas .” Folha de São Paulo . 21 September, 2004. Esportes. http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/esporte/ult92u81338.shtml

This is an article from the Brasilian newspaper Folha de São Paulo. This article talks about how the ex-great soccer player Diego Armando Maradona went to Havana , Cuba , to be treated for his drug dependency. Diego Maradona was admitted to the International Center for Medicine (CIMEC- Centro Internacional de Medicina) in Havana . According to the article, Diego Maradona was greeted in Havana by a government official who is very close to President/Dictator Fidel Castro, José Miyar Barruecos. The article proceeds to talk about how Diego Maradona's flight stopped first in Panama and then continued onto Havana . The article says that the Argentine ambassador to Cuba , Raúl Taleb, also was at the airport with Barruecos to greet his country's best soccer player of all times. The clinic where Diego Maradona is being treated for his drug dependency is a medical institute which treats and “takes care” of the main leaders of the Cuban government.

Gabriel, Paul E., Curtis D. Johnson, and Timothy J. Stanton. “Customer Racial Discrimination for Baseball Memorabilia.” Applied Economics 31(11) (1999): 1331-1335.

Gabriel et al., in a study that grouped African Americans and Latins together, found that race has no effect on current card prices, the cards of former players devalue if they are not white. Craig Depken, an economist at the University of Texas-Austin, found that other monetary measures influence customer-based analyses, such as card prices. He found no evidence of customer-based discrimination using the all-star votes from 1992 (http://economics.uta.edu/wpapers/cbd12.pdf).

Gazetaesportiva.net, “Maradona—O Maldito Antidoping”, Ídolos, Gazeta Esportiva http://www.gazetaesportiva.net/idolos/futebol/maradona/doping.htm

This page is part of a special group of pages on the Brasilian sports/sports news website Gazetaesportiva.net (part of the Gazeta Esportiva media group). This group of pages talks about one of the most important non-Brazilian soccer stars, Diego Armando Maradona of Argentina . This page in particular talks about the end of his brilliant career. The first time Diego Maradona was known to be doing drugs was in 1991 in a match between his team, Napoli , and Bari . When Diego Maradona was taken to do the standard anti-doping exam, he tested positive for an illegal substance, cocaine. The next major, and most important, drug problem he ran into was in the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States . After the game against Nigeria , Diego Maradona was asked to go through another anti-doping exam. Diego Maradona tested again for a prohibited substance. This time it was ephedrine, which is prohibited by FIFA.

Gazetaesportiva.net, “Pelé—Abertura”, Ídolos, Gazeta Esportiva, http://www.gazetaesportiva.net/idolos/futebol/pele/abertura.htm

Gazetaesportiva.net. “Porto vence Once Caldas nos pênaltis e é campeão.” Gazeta Esportiva . .12 December, 2004. Internacional. http://www.gazetaesportiva.net/ge_noticias/bin/noticia.php?chid=118&nwid=44897

This is an interesting article regarding the outcome of the 2004 edition of the Intercontinental Club Championship, better known as the Toyota Cup. On December 12 th , 2004 , Futebol Clube do Porto (FC Porto) and Corporación Deportiva Once Caldas (Once Caldas) played in Yokohoma for the title of best club team in the world. This game was won by FC Porto in the penalty shootouts after a scoreless regular time. Once Caldas goalie, Henao, was considered to be one of the most important players of the game. He was so important of a player that when Diego, a Brasilian international from the European Champion (FC Porto), scored a goal in the shootouts against Henao, he felt that he had to provoke him. Thus, the Uruguayan referee, Jorge Larrionda, gave Diego a red card for unsportsmanlike conduct. This article then goes on to describe the rest of the game in detail. It also makes an interesting point by saying that this is the second time FC Porto has won this tournament.

Gazetaesportiva.net, “Pelé—Cidadão do Mundo”, Ídolos, Gazeta Esportiva, http://www.gazetaesportiva.net/idolos/futebol/pele/cidadao.htm

This page is part of a special group of pages on the Brasilian sports/sports news website Gazetaesportiva.net (part of the Gazeta Esportiva media group). This group of pages talks about the most important soccer player of all times, in Brasil and outside of Brasil. This page is refers to Pelé's great achievements and the honors which Pelé received over the years. This page attributes the fact the reason for why he received so many honors includes his years playing for the Cosmos and the Brasilian national squad. Some of Edson Arantes do Nascimento's honors include a “Merit of Citizen of the World” given to him by the United Nations (UN) in 1997. Other honors that Pelé received includes places, streets, and monuments named after him. He was also given an honorary citizenship of New Jersey and the title of “favorite son” of Guadalajara , Mexico . His greatest honor was being knighted in 1997.

Gonzàlez, Leticia G. “The Stacking of Latinos in Major League Baseball: Does it Matter if a Player is Drafted.” Journal of Hispanic Higher Education , 1(4) (2002): 320- 328.

A professor at Kent State University , Leticia González found that Latinos are stacked at catcher, second base, and shortstop. She attributes this to scouts assuming that Latinos do not have the speed and power to play outfield. González begins by explaining the process of stacking. She then conducted the study using 120 Latinos that played baseball from 1995-1999, so it is not outdated.

IFFHS, “International Federation of Football History & Statistics”, IFFHS, www.iffhs.de

This is a very interesting website. It is of very special importance to soccer fanatics all around the world. It belongs to the Federation of Football History & Statistics which (as the name implies) takes care of the game's history and statistics. It is an independent body, completely separate from FIFA. They have many different stastics. Among those statistics are:

- The World's best Player/Goalkeeper/Women's Football Player of the Century
- The best Player/Goalkeeper/Women's Football Player of the Century (of each Continent)
- The World's best Referee of the Year
- The World's best Club Coach of the Year
- The World's best National Coach of the Year
- The World's best Goalkeeper of the Year
- The World's best Goal Scorer of the Year (international goals)
- The World's best Top Division Goal Scorer of the Year
(The World's most effective Top Division Goal Scorer of the Year)
- Club World Ranking
- The strongest National League in the World
- Determination of world records and world rankings of different categories with regard to top division, national cup competitions, World Cup, Olympic Games and all full internationals (category "A") as well as records and rankings of continental nations and club cham pionships.

“ India 's Premier Football Site”, India Football, http://www.indianfootball.com/index1.html

This is an unofficial Indian soccer website, but definitely the most helpful I have come across in my research, hence I used it. It is a very complete site, rivaling that of many other international unofficial soccer websites from countries with much more soccer tradition than India . This website has many different sections—some deal with the National Indian team; others deal with the National [Indian] Football League (NFL). This website also has pictures of the games and players. There have been over 415,000 people who have visited this website. There are editor columns, articles, interviews with the players and other members of the NFL, historical databases, statistics of the 2004 season, etc… I found it quite interesting that the website right now is being dedicated to a Brasilian soccer player, Christiano Junior, who died very recently. It is an interesting website and I feel that anybody with any interest in soccer should check out this website, as it talks about a different soccer league than what most of us are used to knowing about.

“Juan Marichal.” Online. National Baseball Hall of Fame. Available http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers_and_honorees/hofer_bios/marichal_juan.htm

This short synopsis of Marichal's career is accurate in its presentation, but ignores the enormous discrimination the Dominican and fellow Caribbean players faced.

“Jesus Alou.” Online. The Idea Logical Company, Inc. 2002. Available

http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/ballplayers/A/Alou_Jesus.stm

One of the sites on the Alou brothers, Jesus was the least recognized for his talent and most well-known for his name.

Jewell, R. Todd. “Voting for the Baseball Hall of Fame: The effect of race on election date.” Industrial Relations 42(1) (2003): 87-99.

The economics professor at the University of North Texas conducted a study of whites, blacks, and Latin Americans from 1962 until 2001. His sample involved 309 players, including 33 that were Latin and 26 that were Latin and Black. Sixteen of the nominees that gained entrance were black and only two were born in a Latin American country. This small sample size may have skewed the results. However, black and/or Latino were all considered “minority” and were not analyzed separately in the conclusion.

Jiobu, Robert M. “Racial Inequality in a Public Arena: The Case of Professional Baseball. Social Forces 67(2) (1988): 524-534.

Former Ohio State sociology professor Jiobu found that career longevity was not affected for Latinos compared to white players. He also attributed the results to a small test sample and teams being spread throughout the United States . The fact that the study was conducted in 1988 suggests that updated research is needed on the topic.

Juffer, Jane. “Who's the Man? Sammy Sosa, Latinos, and Televisual Redefinitions of the “American” Pastime.” Journal of Sport & Social Issues 26(4) (2002): 337-

359.

Juffer, who normally devotes her attention at Penn State University to women's studies, devotes this article to the conflict between Latin American players achieving success in the United States while leaving countries steeped in political and economic turmoil. She uses Sammy Sosa as her prime example of how the media, specifically television, ignores the thousands of prospects that do not make it big in America or even leave their home countries. She is used with to Nomai's accusation that the media glorifies Joe Cubas' story, in the section on media discrimination.

Klein, Alan M. “Culture, Politics, and Baseball in the Dominican Republic .” Latin American Perspectives 22(3) (1995): 111-130.

Alan Klein, a professor at Northeastern University , extracts a few major arguments from his book Sugarball: The American Game, the Dominican Dream (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991). He conducted fieldwork in the Dominican Republic , and his extensive evaluation of both historical and current intricacies of baseball can be generalized to the rest of the Carribbean. He has an interesting rebuttal to Marcano and Fidler's book Stealing Lives ( Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press, 2003) at http://www.onlyagame.org/features/2003/03/resteallive.asp

“Latino Baseball en Foco.” Online. Latinobaseball.com. 2003. Available

http://latinobaseball.com/mlb-foco.html

This website is one of the sponsors of the Latino Awards during Hispanic Heritage Month. This page also describes an event that honors the best Latino middle school students in New York . The story is naturally biased towards reporting, since they created the Latino Awards and the Hispanic Achievement Awards Day.

Lee Trevino, Bio, Golf Europe.com
http://www.golfeurope.com/almanac/players/trevino.htm

This is a very important website, since it is where I was able to find a small biography about Lee Trevino and his golf game. It was very informative with many little facts which i felt would bring a more in aspect of his character and the character of latinos in general rather than just about his contributions and hardships that he has faced throughout his life. I was also able to use the information about his career to add to the bio as well.

Marcano, Arturo J., and David P. Fidler. “Baseball's Exploitation of Latin Talent.” NACLA Report on the Americas 37(5) (2004): 14-20.

This investigation by the North American Congress on Latin America contributed to the labor and academies segment of the discrimination section. The report criticizes baseball for not effectively implementing previous recommendations and offers some revised proposals. It seems, at least from the paper, that NACLA is one of the few organizations that could influence a static enterprise such as Major League Baseball. The report leaves no stone unturned, and its only weakness is it comes off as a little self-righteous as the only organization that can make a difference in the issue. See Alan Klein above to learn about their ongoing debate.

Maria Cotera, "AC213:Introduction to Latina/o Studies," Program in American
Culture, University of Michigan , http://www.umich.edu/~ac213

“Matty Alou.” Online. The Idea Logical Company, Inc. 2002. Available

http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/ballplayers/A/Alou_Matty.stm

This is the other website on the Alous. Matty was the smallest and quickest of the three brothers. He played with the New York Yankees after leaving San Francisco .

McEvoy, Brendan, Contributing Editor, World Golf.com
http://www.worldgolf.com/features/chi-chi-rodriguez2.htm

This was an interview taken by Brendan McEvoy and was used to explain some of the hardships and great stories from chi-chi's life on and off the golf course. Much of his life was known to be on the golf course, but also his charity and organizations to get more people out there with him will not be forgotten as he explains in the interview aswell.

MLS, “ Los Angeles Galaxy Roster”, Los Angeles Galaxy, MLS, http://la.galaxy.mlsnet.com/MLS/lag/roster/index.jsp?club=lag

There is not much to say about this website. It belongs to the Los Angeles Galaxy team. It basically has the team's roster with the players' name, position, birthdate, their MLS status (ie. What kind of player they are), and how many years of experience each one has had in the MLS. Clicking on each players name takes the reader to each player's profile which has more information on the player.

Lopez Felipe, Bio, NBA.COM, 2004 NBA Media Ventures, LLC
http://www.nba.com/playerfile/felipe_lopez/bio.html

Munoz, Anthony, Bio, 2004 NBA Media Ventures, LLC
http://www.latinosportslegends.com/Munoz.htm

These sites were used to find bio info on latinos in other sports. These are both great athletes as you know since Munoz is in the hall of fame for the NFL

Nomai, Afsheen J., and George N. Dionisopoulos. “Framing the Cubas narrative: The American Dream and the Capitalist Reality.” Communication Studies 53(2) (2002): 97- 11.

Nomai and Dionisopoulos attempt to highlight the media's sugarcoating of Joe Cubas, a sports agent who has brought dozens of players from Cuba . They claim that the optimism expressed by narratives of Cubas ignore they capitalist basis for the player's immigration to the United States . The authors explain Cubas ' antagonism of Fidel Castro, but do not glorify the dictator. This article fits in well with Jane Juffer's analysis of Dominican Sammy Sosa and televised portrayals.

“ O Morumbi”, Tricolorpaulista.net http://www.tricolorpaulista.net/br/clube/morumbi.asp

This is an article regarding the world's largest private stadium, Estádio Cicero Pompeu de Toledo, also known as the Morubmi. This page was made by a group of fans who did a lot of research, so it is also a good illustration of what South American soccer fans are capable of doing. It belongs to São Paulo FC and currently sits 80,000 people quite comfortably. It is all written in Portuguese. It deals with the history of this great stadium and mentions some of the games with largest attendance. It also has some pictures of this marvel of engineering. It talks about how in 1994 the president of the club, Fernando Casal de Rey, noticed that the stadium was actually beginning to move with the crowd when they jumped and cheered. So, in order to increase safety and comfort they cut down the total number of seats in the stadium to around 80,000 and installed real seats in the Morumbi—making it more comfortable. This is truly an interesting page to visit, even just to look at the pictures of this stadium.

“ Orlando Manuel Cepeda.” Online. Latino Legends in Sports. 1999-2001. Available

http://www.latinosportslegends.com/cepeda.htm

This website offers a fairly lengthy account of Puerto Rican Cepeda's career in the Major Leagues. It mainly highlights his figures, but does shed some light on his Clemente-following philanthropy. However, it does note that Cepeda almost did not enter the Hall of Fame due to drug charges.

Oscar de La Hoya, Bio, 1999-2004. Latino Legends in Sports
http://www.latinosportslegends.com/Delahoya_Oscar_bio.htm

Oscar de La Hoya, Ask Men.com, Man of the Week
http://www.askmen.com/men/mar00/16_oscar_de_la_hoya.html

I used both of these websites to find information on Oscar de La Hoya, this is mostly just information about his boxing career as it partainted to latinos in boxing. He was used since he his probably the most known boxer being Latino.

“Person to Person: Pelé on American Soccer and the World Cup!.” Scholastic Coach 63.5 (1993): A120-A21.

This is a very interesting article interviewing soccer's greatest player of all times, Edson Arantes do Nascimento (Pelé). It specifically focuses on the United States and soccer within the United States . It was written a year before the most important event in soccer took place in this country, the 1994 FIFA World Cup. Pelé talks about where soccer has been in the United States in this article and how he was involved with it. Pelé specifically focuses on his career in the United States , playing for the New York Cosmos in the seventies. He talks about how the NASL (North American Soccer League) started off really well and had real chances of becoming a successful league, but how, due to poor management, failed. He then talks about how he feels that the 1994 FIFA World Cup will be to the United States and to the whole world.

Peschiutta, Claudia. “Dodgers Change Tune on Spanish Radio.” Los Angeles Business Journal, 8 July 2002 , n.p.

Peschiutta serves as a board member for the Society of Professional Journalists and her investigative techniques deserve applause. She supplements the story on Los Angeles television (see above) with her own on the airwaves. This report discusses the contract between the Dodgers and Spanish-language KWKW. There is an interesting quote by the president of KWKW that reads, “Spanish used to be considered a small, ethnic add-on.”

“ Philadelphia Phillies News.” Online. MLB.com. 27 August 2003 . Available http://philadelphia.phillies.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/phi/news/phi_press_release.jsp ?ymd=20030827&content_id=499943&vkey=pr_phi&fext=.jsp

Similar to the Baltimore website, this talks about the Phillies' Latino Family Night in 2003. The Philadelphia City Solicitor, Judge Nelson Diaz, received the Latino Family Night Award presented because of his high-standing in city government. There was also a “Teatro Callejero” that performed Latino-based themes (whatever that means).

Regalado, Samuel O. “The Latin Quarter in the Major Leagues: Adjustment and Achievement.” In The American Game: Baseball and Ethnicity , edited by Lawrence Baldassaro and Richard A. Johnson. Carbondale , IL : Southern Illinois University Press, 2002. 162-176.

Regalado is one of the foremost scholars on Latinos in baseball. He writes this chapter in an anthology of articles on the tensions between Anglos and minorities, and how that relates to baseball. The California State University-Stanislaus professor nicely integrates over a century of vibrant history into 14 pages. He highlights the key figures from each country and discusses the difficulties they faced. The chapter fits in well with the other race-related articles in the book.

Regalado, Samuel O. “Hey Chico : The Latin Identity in Major League Baseball.” Nine: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture , 11(1) (2002): 16-24.

This other article by Regalado focuses more on specific examples of identity and how that affects Latino players. He looks at each nationality separately, and then discusses how they formed one community in the face of discrimination. Finally, he concludes with an investigation on sportswriters and how the Hispanic press was much nicer to Latin Americans than the English-speaking reporters.

Rielly, Edward J. Baseball: An Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Santa Barbara , CA : ABC-CLIO, 2000.

Rielly, chair of the English department at Saint Joseph 's College in Maine , provides many brief synopses of important people and events in the history of professional baseball, but also fails to mention some of the important Latino landmarks. He does not mention Victor Pellot and only briefly brings up Adolpho Luque. Oversights such as these make a reader wonder how complete his encyclopedia really is.

Rimer, Edward. “Discrimination in Major League Baseball: Hiring Standards for Major League Managers, 1975-1994.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 20(2) (1996): 118-135.

Rimer focuses his study on African-Americans, but also analyzes Latinos. In fact, black and/or Latino were all considered “minority” and were not analyzed separately in the conclusion. It would be interesting to know the results if the University of San Francisco instructor updated this study.

“Roberto Clemente.” Online. National Baseball Hall of Fame. Available http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers_and_honorees/hofer_bios/clemente_ro berto.htm

This website highlights the statistics of one of the greatest baseball players of all time. It points out his humanitarian efforts that won over the hearts of both Latino and white communities, who considered him a martyr after his death. However, the webpage does not touch on how even a legend like Clemente faced much adversity because the Puerto Rican was not born in the United States speaking English.

Rodriguez, Juan Chi-Chi, Bio, Latino Sports Legends.com
http://www.latinosportslegends.com/chi-chi.htm

This was another biography I found, which gave a small bio on the life of Chi-Chi Rodriguez just as the one about Lee Trevino gave. It was very informative about his life outside of the golf tour and gave me more aspect to draw from for the latino community and their part in the game of golf. He was one of the first latinos to make an impact for the latino community in the game of golf.

Sanchez, Jesse. "Alou opens doors for others." Online. 30 April 2004 . MLB.com . Available http://chicago.cubs.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/news/mlb_news.jsp?ymd=200404 30&content_id=732592&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp

Jesse Sanchez is a reporter for MLB.com. In this article, he explores the Felipe Alou, who is becoming one of the best managers in baseball. The unassuming Alou is presented as a role model that is not overbearing, but knows his function as a representative for all Latinos. Sanchez also explains how the San Francisco manager also played with the Giants in the 1960s, but things are a little different now.

“Soccer Star Cobi Jones Exits U.S. for Brazil .” Jet 88.25 (1995): 50.

This is a very short “blurb” about Cobi Jones, possibly the best African American soccer player ever. He talks about his transfer to the Brasilian club Vasco da Gama. He talks about his excitement to play in such a hard league.

Sommers, Paul M. “Baseball's all-stars: Birthplace and distribution.” The College Mathematics Journal 34(1) (2003): 24-30.

Middlebury College economics professor Paul Sommers provides a technical account of the demographics of All-Stars in the major leagues, with minimal discussion. When he does analyze the data, Sommers comes off as a little condescending. His “ Viva baseball's All-Stars!” has a derogatory tone that might make a reader question his intentions. Perhaps his scientific background contributes to his lack of knowledge about racial dynamics.

Sullivan, Dean A. Late Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1945-1972. Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press, 2002.

In an anthology of 114 collected news articles between 1945 and 1972, Sullivan includes four stories related to Latinos. One involves Juan Marichal's attack on John Roseboro after the Los Angeles catcher nicked Marichal with a throw. Another describes Marichal's sixteen-inning win over Warren Spahn, saying, “Marichal owed his victory not only to his own superb performance, but to the efforts of Willie Mays…” The third story concerns Richard Nixon's call for a diverse World Series. While it is obvious that sports enthusiasts discriminated against Latin Americans in the 1950s and 1960s, there is no reason Sullivan has to keep that trend. His analysis of already racist articles leaves much to be desired.

Tejeda, Gregory. “Commentary: ‘Beisbolero' receives tribute.” The Washington Times . 21 September 2004 . Available http://washingtontimes.com/upi- breaking/20040920-062527-9619r.htm

This is the other article contributing to the section on Miñoso. Tejeda describes the Hispanic Heritage Month event where the Chicago White Sox honored the outfielder. It touches on the trailblazing significance of Miñoso's lengthy career. The story presents the Cuban very positively and explains that many think Miñoso should be in the Hall of Fame even though he started out in the Negro League.

“ Uruguay 1930,” FIFA World Cup 2006, FIFA, http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/p/pwc/1930.html

This is a page belonging to the 2006 FIFA World Cup— Germany webpage. It is a very interesting page with historical information on the 1930 World Cup in Uruguay . This was the first FIFA World Cup ever, and according to the article, quite a success. According to this website, “The organization of the first FIFA World Cup looked rather different from today's with no qualifying competition, the 13 teams entered by invitation and the final draw was not made until the teams arrived in Uruguay ”. The first final culminated with a clash between South American soccer titans Uruguay and Argentina . Uruguay beat its neighbor two to one in regular time and became the first FIFA World Cup Champion. According to the page, celebrations went on for many days and nights in the capital of Uruguay , Montevideo . The rest of the page describes the tournament in general and occasionally goes into specifics on the first FIFA World Cup (including final standings).

US Soccer Network, “Late Bocanegra Header Gives U.S. 1-1 Draw With Poland in Chicago ”, US Soccer Network, http://www.ussoccer.com/news/fullstory.sps?iNewsid=80671

This is a webpage that belongs to the United States Soccer Federation, the governing body of American soccer. This page has an article in it about a United States friendly against the Polish national team in Chicago . It describes the game which took place in front of over 39 thousand fans at Soldier Field. It describes a very “tame first half” and a much more electrifying second half. What is very interesting about this article is that it focuses a lot on United States Latino soccer star Carlos Boca Negra. He basically, single-handily, saved the United States national squad from a home loss. He scored a goal in the last few minutes of the game. According to that article, the United States did not play very well. Credit must be given to Poland though, as it was able to put up such a strong battle against the United States .

Wahl, Grant. “Football vs. Futbol.” Sports Illustrated 101.1 (2004), ProQuest, http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/pqdweb?index=0&did=000000660669531&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1103175841&clientId=17822

This is an article that I found through ProQuest that was not available in journal form; hence it is quoted as a web source. It basically is an article that talks about globalization of two completely different sports in two completely different markets. First it talks about American football. Grant Wahl talks about NFL Europe and how it is sort of being successful. He talks about how in most places in Europe it is not doing well, but in Germany it is all the rage. The second thing Grant Wahl talks about is how the MLS is expanding. He specifically focuses on the new expansion team, the Los Angeles Chivas USA club. He talks about Jorge Vergara and how Vergara is being very intelligent to bring such a team to such a “struggling” league. He talks about how Mexicans and Chicanos will probably flock to this league as if it were the original Chivas team.

BOOKS:

Duarte, Marcelo. O Guia dos Curiosos: Esportes. São Paulo, Brazil, Editora Schwarcz Ltda, 1996.

Article

Regalado, Samuel Octavo. Hey Chico! The Latin Identity in Major League Baseball http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nine/v011/11.1regalado.html

Websites:

- SPNET: www.saopaulofc.com.br

- Gazeta Esportiva: www.gazetaesportiva.net

- Diario Olé: www.ole.com.ar

- El Universal: www.eluniversal.com.mx

- Univision www.univision.com (possible)

- Star Telegram: www.dfw.com

- ESPN www.espn.com