-LAMBDA         
                         This is one set of -epsilon's output,
                         it constitutes the C-I component of the
                         performance interpretive system.      
                         -pi is the other set.  The overlap of
                         their domains is the "overt" component. 
                         -lambda is concerned with the
                         conceptual-intentional system (C-I), and
                         more controversially, with logical form
                         (LF).  See also             
                                                     -epsilon's
                                                   C-I component
                                 performance interpretive system
                                                            -pi
                                                           overt
                                                    logical form
                                   conceptual-intentional system

-THETA                  
                         see                         theta roles
                                                  thematic roles

-PI                     
                         This is one of two sets that comprise
                         the performance-interpretive output of
                         the procedure -epsilon.   -pi is
                         concerned with phonetic form (PF) and
                         the articulatory-perceptual system
                         (A-P).  See also              -lambda.

-EPSILON                
                         A particular language's computational
                         system, run from invariant principles of
                         the UG and set parameters of the
                         language.  The result ogf the
                         computation is SDs adequate to supply
                         both -pi and -lambda.  

A-P                      
                         The linguistic level which provides
                         instructions to the
                         articulatory-perceptual system: an
                         interface level.  

A-POSITION               
                         Argument-position is a structural
                         position to which a -theta-role may be
                         assigned.  (Cowper) The grammatical
                         function (GF) that a position in the
                         x-bar syntax/phrase structure holds, a
                         slot capable of (and usually actually)
                         being filled by a theta-role.  For
                         example, the GF  "subject" is an
                         A-position to which an agent can be
                         assigned. Theta roles may only be
                         assigned A-positions.  They do so after
                         the lexical entry has been projected
                         onto the phrase structure but before
                         I-language processing (at the
                         d-structure level in GB approaches). 
                         Non-A-positions, such as COMP and SPEC
                         are usually marked as A-bar-positions
                         (_A_ overlined, as in X-bar) (Cook
                         111-116)                       See also 
                                                            case
                                                       Pro-drop.

ADJUNCT                  
                         An element that is not required by the
                         verb and not assigned a theta role by
                         that verb.  The bracketing would be
                         {[xxx][aaa]}  rather than the
                         {[xxx(ccc)]} of a complement            
                         For example:    _X left WHEN IT ENDED_  
                                                                 
                         See also                     complement
                                                      theta-role

ADJUNCTION               
                         Adding an adjunct to a structure?


AGENT                    
                         The acting entity in a clause. The
                         initiator or does.  Must be _capable_ of
                         volition.  (Cowper, 48-51) See theta
                         role.

AGR                      
                         An X-bar category that governs
                         agreement, a subcomponent of INFL.      
                         See also                     inflection

ANAPHOR                  
                         literally points to the world.  Chomsky
                         uses it intenally to the sentence, where
                         a pronoun is co-indexed with its
                         antecedent grammatical function
                         subject.  Anaphors in this context are
                         usually what is commonly called a
                         reflexive pronoun, such as "herself."

ARGUMENTS                
                         Are part of Theta theory.  Thery are
                         attached to the verb.  For example,
                         "Give" takes 3 arguments, (agent,
                         patient, theme)--_John gave her the
                         book_.  "Hit" takes 2 arguments, (agent,
                         patient--_She hit the ball_.

ARTICULATORY-PERCEPTUAL. 
                         This is a performance system concerned
                         with the production and perception of
                         speech sounds             See also: A-P

BARRIERS                 
                         Barriers block government when they
                         occur sungly, they block movement when
                         plural, perhaps in a graded manner.  A
                         barrier to one element might not be a
                         barrier to another one.  The hypothesis
                         attempts to formalize a description of
                         empty category behavior, which appears
                         aberrant without a theory of barriers. A
                         maximal projection -lambda is a barrier
                         for -beta if and only if EITHER (a)
                         (barrier via inheritance) -lambda
                         immediately dominates (as lowest maximal
                         projection, not lowest node) -delta
                         which in turn is a blocking category for
                         -beta; OR (b), (inherent barrier)
                         -lambda is a blocking category for
                         -beta and -lambda is not an IP.
                         (Chomsky, _Barriers_ in Cowper
                         183-185)                                
                         See also              blocking category
                                        empty category principle
BINDING THEORY           
                         Concerns reference relationships of noun
                         phrases.  "The theory of binding is
                         concerned with the relations, if any, of
                         anaphors and pronomials to their
                         antecedents." (Chomsky, _Some Concepts
                         and Consequences of the Theory of
                         Government and Binding_, MIT 1982, 6 in
                         Cook, 49) An anaphor is bound in its
                         local domain.  A pronominal (PRO) is
                         free outside its local domain (and thus
                         ungoverned).  Refering expressions that
                         are not overt, pronominal or anaphoric
                         (r-expressions) are free.  Not to be
                         confused with bounding theory.  

BENEFACTIVE              
                         "The one _for whose_ benefit the event
                         took place." (Cowper, 48-51). See also:
                         theta roles

BLOCKING CATEGORY        
                         The purpose of a blocking category is to
                         provide a reference to the elements that
                         a particular barrier blocks.  If (and
                         only if) a maximal projection -lambda
                         is not L-marked and dominates another
                         constituent, -beta, then that maximal
                         projection -lambda is said to be a
                         blocking category for that constituent
                         -beta                          See also
                                                       barriers 
BOUNDING THEORY          
                         A locality constraint on movement,
                         preventing movement that crosses more
                         than one bounding node, defined in
                         X-bar theory as the nodes near the top
                         of a clause, namely S, S', and NP. 
                         These may vary as a parameter settings
                         from one language to another.  

C-SELECTION              
                         Category selection is the procedure by
                         which a lexical entry selects the
                         syntactic categories that go with it
                         (Cook 105).  See also                   
                                           projection principle.

C-COMMAND                
                         constituent command.  Shows how a
                         constituent of a sentence is related to
                         other elements in the phrase structure
                         that it is superior to, but does not
                         directly dominate.  It includes
                         everthing in its domain but what itr
                         directly dominates.  e.g., in _The woman
                         will hit him_, the NP _The woman_
                         c-commands everthing in the clause but
                         _the_ and _woman_ (which it dominates). 
                         from Cook, 150.

C-I                     
                         C-I is the component of the performance
                         interpretive system, a level of
                         linguistic representation, that links
                         I-language to the
                         Conceptual-intentional performance
                         system.  The output of C-I in the
                         minimalist approach is -lambda.   The
                         locus of C-I is taken to be  at LF in
                         the minimalist approach, although others
                         locate it in the lexicon--first the
                         generative semanticists, with their
                         models of global transformations derived
                         from a deep structure located in the
                         lexicon.  This proved to be
                         unmanageable, as global transformations
                         could be invoked in any form to explain
                         any phenomenon.(Harris _Linguistic
                         Wars_) More recently, Jackendoff has
                         argued that conceptual structure merges
                         with lexical structure at the level of
                         semantic primitives.  (_Semantic
                         Structures_ pp. ??) 

CASE THEORY              
                         INFL, V or P assign case to the NP
                         _positions_ that they respectively
                         govern in a sentence (not the actual
                         NPs).  Case theory is concerned with
                         which syntactic head of the phrase
                         structure assigns abstract case
                         (nominative, genitive, accusative, etc.)
                         to which constituents in the sentence. 
                         By attaching case assignment to
                         syntactic categories, blocs of the
                         sentence can be governed more
                         manageably.  For example, in a passive
                         construction, a NP may be lexically
                         asigned the theta role of patient and
                         then assigned nominative case by INFL. 
                                                                 
                         See also                           head
                                                      inflection
                                                    Theta theory

CHAIN-LINK               
                         Chains are the markers, or the actual
                         position, that a constituent capable of
                         movement has or could take.  For
                         example, the sentence _The book was said
                         to be lost_ contains two traces, t1 and
                         t2,  co-indexed to _the book_: _The book
                         was said t1 to be lost t2_.  The
                         chain-link would be shown as (the book,
                         t1, t2).  This shows graphically the
                         movement history of the constituent.

CHAINS                   
                         ???What are chains in the minimalist
                         approach?

CO-INDEXING              
                         Co-indexing is a way of attaching
                         pronouns, traces and other markers
                         unambiguously to their correct
                         antecedents.  e.g. (my example) _John
                         (i) hurt hinmself (i) with Bonny's (j)
                         razor, the same on that she (j--could be
                         k) had cut herself (j) with the day
                         before_.

COMP                     
                         COMP is a syntactic category that a
                         lexical entry projects onto the
                         structure of a sentence.  The lexical
                         entry specifies (C-selects) the type of
                         syntactic category that a given COMP can
                         take. (Cook 106)                        
                         See also                       adjunct 
                                                     complement.


COMPETENCE               
                         Jackendoff says it is structure.
                         performance is processing and all other
                         aspects.  Is this a misread of Chomnsky?
                         or if contents is homogenous, can all
                         substance be described in terms of
                         forms/structure? (C&CM, 42

COMPLEMENT               
                         In X-bar theory, a complement is an
                         element required (in the A-position
                         COMP) by X and assigned a theta-role by
                         X (X must be a verb?).  The complement
                         is a sister of X that is a maximal
                         projection.  It can be filled by a
                         complementizer in the SPEC position and
                         another maximally projected CP in the
                         head position.  The complement remains
                         available as a site for movement to move
                         elements to.  The bracketing of a
                         complement would be {[xxx(ccc)]} rather
                         than the {[xxx][aaa]} of an adjunct.
                         See also:                          COMP
                                                         adjunct
                                                      A-position

COMPLEMENTIZER           
                         In traditional grammar, relative pronoun
                         such as "that" or "which." it fills the
                         Specifier position of an NP that is a
                         specifier of a CP.                      
                         See also                     complement
                                                       specifier

COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEM     
                         see I-language

CONCEPTUAL-INTENTIONAL   
                         This is one of two types of performance
                         system.  It is linked to I-language by
                         the interface level C-I, a performance
                         interpreter.  

CONTROL THEORY           
                         "Control theory determines the potential
                         for reference of the abstract pronominal
                         element PRO"  It deals with the subject
                         of infinitival clauses.  It relies on
                         the invariant principle that PRO is
                         ungoverned.  Control of the pronominal
                         reference is obligatory when PRO has the
                         subject as antecedent (_They wanted PRO
                         to jump_) or object as antecedent (They
                         wanted him PRO to jump_).  Control of
                         the pronominal reference can also
                         arbitrarily refer to an indefinite
                         antecedent or one outside the domain of
                         the sentence (_It is time PRO to go_). 
                         (What about _It is time FOR PRO TO
                         go_?). (Cook, 34, 162)         See also 
                                                 .binding theory
                                        Empty category principle
                                               proper government

CONVERGE  
                         In the minimalist approach, if the
                         computations of -epsilon fit the
                         requirements of one of the two
                         performance interpretive components (LF
                         and PF) then it is said to converge at
                         that component.  Otherwise it crashes. 
                         Minimalist grammaticallity is determined
                         by UG and convergence at both levels, PF
                         and LF; nothing else                    
                         See also                          crash
                                                              LF
                                                              PF
                                                              UG

CORE                     
                         The main, unmarked part of the grammar,
                         as opposed to the periphery, which will
                         not be so beholden to UG, but perhaps
                         more to historical accident.  

CRASH 
                         When the computations of any -epsilon
                         do not output sets that are adequate for
                         a component of the
                         intrerpretive-performance levels of
                         representation, the computations are
                         said to crash, rather than converge, at
                         that component in the minimalist
                         approach                                
                         See also                          crash
                                        levels of representation
                                intrerpretive-performance system

D-STRUCTURE              
                         largely reduced to a heuristic device in
                         the minimalist approach, d-structure,
                         the descendent of "deep structure," is
                         the first x-bar structure upon which
                         the lexicon projects itself. 
                         d-structure precedes movement.  

DERIVATION               
                         All of the move procedures that are
                         executed after the lexicon has been
                         projected upon the x-bar structure
                         result, when accomplished, in a
                         derivation.  This is a descendent of the
                         concept of a transformation, which was a
                         single rule among other transformations
                         that were executed in a particular
                         order.  With the loss of
                         _transformation_ as a current term to
                         the more fluid and interactive
                         "move -alpha" a term to describe the
                         cumulative result of the computation
                         procedure became more and more
                         necessary.

DOMAIN                   
                         The range of effectiveness of a
                         constituent in the x-bar structure, as
                         it is constrained by the nodes in that
                         structure.                              
                         see also                    government 
                                                      c-command.

E-LANGUAGE               
                         Language seen as external artifact (R.J
                         _SS_1).  The analysis from the outside. 
                         resembles etic approach.  A Language
                         considered as a bounded aggregate, an
                         external object.  see also: I-language

ECONOMY CONDITIONS       
                         Considered to be part of the evaluation
                         metric in early TG work, economy
                         conditions have survived the demise of
                         the evaluation metric in Principles and
                         Parameters approaches, where parameters
                         need only be set according to language. 
                         Invariant principles constrain the
                         possible languages so that no evaluation
                         of competing possibilities is needed. 
                         Nonetheless, economy of derivation is a
                         principle which can constrain a
                         minimalist approach to optimal
                         interface conditions and conceptually
                         necessary postulates.  The formulation
                         of these principles of economy is a
                         prerequisite for the minimalist design.
                         Chomsky's formulation of the levels of
                         representation from four to two is a
                         first assumption of the theory. (Chomsky
                         "Minimalist Approach"
                         6-7)                                    
                                               optimal interface

EMPTY CATEGORY PRINCIPLE 
                         NP movement leaves traces in
                         A-positions because NPs always occur in
                         A-positions, which are always assigned
                         grammatical functions by lexical
                         categories.  Thus the traces are always
                         properly governed.  Therefore, the empty
                         category principle is that "a
                         nonpronominal empty category must be
                         _properly governed_." (Chomsky
                         _Barriers_ 17, Cook 165)  The
                         (non-)government of pronominally empty
                         categories is taken up in control
                         theory.                        See also 
                                               proper government


EPSILON                  
                         see -epsilon

EXPERIENCER              
                         "The _individual who_ feels or perceives
                         the event." (Cowper, 48-51) See also:
                         theta roles

EXPRESSION                
                         Expressions of a language -epsilon are
                         the structural descriptions (SDs) that
                         result from a generative procedure
                         (I-language)

GB                       
                         Government/Binding Frame

GENERATIVE PROCEDURE     
                         See I-language

GF                        
                         grammatical function

GOVERNMENT               
                         Chomsky is currently attempting, with
                         his minimalist approach. to do away
                         with the notion of government. In
                         previous models, a category is said to
                         govern another category if: (a) the
                         former c-commands the latter; (b) the
                         maximal projection x'' of each element
                         dominates the other element; and (c) it
                         is a lexical category (N, V, A, or P),
                         INFL, or a projection of a lexical
                         category (thus excluding determiners,
                         COMP...). (Chomsky, Knowledge of
                         Language, 162; Cook, 151-157)  "The
                         relationship between two elements
                         defined by mutual c-commands within a
                         ceiling and a floor of maximal
                         projections, providing one element is a
                         governor." (Cook 156)

GOVERNMENT-BINDING 
                         GB describes knowledge of language as an
                         interlocking set of sub-theories
                         consisting of principles and
                         parameters." (Cook 34)  Chomsky's
                         minimalist approach questions the
                         validity and necessity of many of these
                         sub-theories.  GB and "Principles and
                         Parameters" are the names under which
                         most current generative theory travels. 
                         Chomsky has claimed that the moniker
                         gives short shrift to theories and
                         principles other than government and
                         binding.  They include:  
                                                                 
                                                  binding theory
                                                 bounding theory
                                                     case theory
                                                  control theory
                                                      government
                                                         lexicon
                                                    logical form
                                                        movement
                                                   phonetic form
                                            projection principle
                                                    theta theory
                                                    X-bar theory

GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS    
                         The traditional autonomy of GFs is
                         removed--they become derivatives of
                         phrase stucture in X-bar theory. 
                         "Subject: the NP of S, the N''
                         immediately dominated by S; Object: the
                         NP of VP, i.e.the N'' immediately
                         dominated by V'; Object of Preposition:
                         the NP of PP; i.e the N'' immediately
                         dominated by P'.  Gloss: Grammatical
                         functions (GFs) are defined in termns of
                         configurations of the phrase structure;
                         the subject is 'NP of S'.  There are no
                         independent GFs in their own right."
                         (Cook 110)                              
                         See also                     case theory
                                                    theta theory

HEAD                     
                         The head is the most essential element
                         in any constituent phrase (i.e.
                         structurally-related groups of words) of
                         a sentence.  For example, the verb in a
                         verb phrase, the noun in an NP, etc. 
                         How such heads are manifested (i.e. to
                         the left or right of the other elements
                         in the phrase) is a parameter set for
                         each particlar language, the head
                         parameter.  The source of the head is as
                         an entry in the lexicon.  From there it
                         is projected onto the phrase structure
                         according to the principles of X-bar
                         theory                                  
                         See also                  Lexical entry
                                                       Parameter
                                                Phrase Structure
                                            Projection Principle
                                                    X-bar theory

I-LANGUAGE               
                         A computational procedure of the
                         language faculty by which the lexicon
                         generates expressions (SDs) of a
                         language.  It is related in some ways to
                         the concept of emicity <emicetic.01>. 
                         Jackendoff refers to it as the view from
                         inside a language.  In this way,
                         I-language is congruent with Saussure's
                         construct of _la _lange_, although he
                         considered it to have social rather than
                         biological determinants. <Saussure.emc>
                         (Chomsky, "Minimalist Approach" p1,
                         R.J., _SS_, 1-2)                        
                         See also                        lexicon
                                                     expressions

INFL                     
                         see inflection

INFLECTION               
                         All the abstract properties of a
                         sentence that are spread across the
                         whole sentence rather than being
                         realized in a particular word, elements
                         such as tense, case and number and
                         number agreement.  INFL is possibly the
                         governor of NP, to which it assigns the
                         nominative case.                        
                         See also                            AGR
                                                    case theory 

INSTRUMENT               
                         "the object _with which_ an action is
                         performed." (Cowper, 48-51) See also:
                         theta roles

INTERFACE LEVELS         
                         In the minimalist approach, Two
                         linguistic levels, A-P and C-I, provide
                         instructions (-pi and -lambda,
                         respectively) to the
                         articulatory-perceptual and
                         conceptual-intentional systems,
                         respectively.  These are the interface
                         levels between an I-language -epsilon
                         and the performance system it is
                         embedded in.                            
                         See also                      -epsilon
                                                        -lambda
                                                            -pi
                                                             A-P
                                                             C-I
                                         articulatory-perceptual
                                          conceptual-intentional
                                                      I-language

ISLANDS
                         A variety of locality constraint
                         theory.  The current variety is known as
                         the subjacency principle. Constraints
                         on the movement of complements which are
                         not imposed on adjuncts.  J. Ross's PhD
                         dissertation of 1967 first found these
                         constraints.  

L-MARKING                
                         A condition on movement in the barriers
                         theory: -alpha L-marks -beta if and
                         only if -alpha is a lexical category
                         and -alpha directly -theta-marks
                         -beta.  This give a generalized
                         principle why complement clauses can be
                         moved more easily than adjunct clauses.
                         (Cowper, 184)                           
                         See also                        adjunct
                                                      complement

LAMBDA                   
                         see -lambda
LEVELS                   
                         Levels of linguistic representation are
                         assumed in UG to be symbolic systems
                         capable of "presenting certain
                         systematic information about linguistic
                         expressions." (Chomsky "Minimalist
                         Approach" 1).  In many current varieties
                         of GB theory, four sets of output
                         (-delta, -sigma, -pi, and -lambda)
                         are assumed to occur sequentially and
                         constitute the structural description
                         (SD) of a linguistic expression.  Their
                         respective  points of expression 
                         correspond with the followiung
                         linguistic levels of representation:
                         d-structure, s-structure, PF and LF.  In
                         the minimalist approach, the only two
                         levels of representation are PF and LF.
                         D-structure and S-structure are not
                         conceptually necessary, he hypothesizes,
                         and can thus be dispensed with. 
                         (Chomsky, "Minimalist Approach" 2-5)    
                         See also                             PF
                                                              LF
                                                     D-structure
                                                     S-structure

LEXICAL CATEGORY         
                         V, N, A, and P are lexical categories
                         that correspond to verb phrases, noun
                         phrases, adjective phrases and
                         prepositional phrases.  Any of these
                         phrase types must contain an entry from
                         its corresponding lexical category as
                         its lexical head.  Lexical entries of a
                         particular language enter into lexical
                         categories, project onto their
                         appropriate lexical head, X, and then
                         onto the syntactic head, X', and then to
                         their least maximal projection, X''.    
                         See also                       c-select
                                                            head
                                            projection principle
                                                    X-bar theory

LEXICAL ENTRY            
                         Lexical entries are bundles of
                         structured meaning which the 
                         I-language expresses. Lexical entries
                         define possible complements within a
                         phrase.  Lexical entries project
                         specific arguments or properties into a
                         lexical category by means of
                         c-selection.  Thus the lexical entry
                         for "give" contains the property [___
                         NP1, NP2] where "give" goes in the place
                         of "___" and has to be followed by two
                         NPs that are not co-referent.  As such,
                         it c-selects the syntactic categories,
                         NP1 and NP2, that follow it.  This
                         information is supplied only at the
                         level of the lexical entry.  From there
                         it is ultimately projected onto the
                         phrase via the projection principle 

LEXICAL HEAD             
                         see head

LEXICAL GOVERNMENT       
                         see Empty category principle

LEXICON                  
                         "The lexicon specifies the items that
                         enter into the computational system,
                         with their idiosyncratic properties..
                         The computational system uses these to
                         generate derivations and SDs.  The
                         derivation of a particular linguistic
                         expression, then, involves a choice of
                         items from the lexicon and a computation
                         that constructs the pair of interface
                         representations.                        
                         See also            computational system
                                                      derivation
                                                      I-language
                                                interface levels
                                                        movement

LF                       
                         logical form
LF COMPONENT             
                         The portion of the computing system
                         relevant to the formal representation of
                         meaning.  (Chomsky, "Minimalist
                         Approach, 4)                            
                         See also                       -lambda
                                                     I-language 
                                                    logical form
                                                   overt syntax 
                                                   PF component 

LOCALITY CONSTRAINTS     
                         In the GB framework, there are a number
                         of constraints that determine the
                         linguistic space within which an element
                         can move or reside.  The elements
                         affected include movement, traces,
                         assignment, anaphors and pronominals.  A
                         number of sub-theories are primarily
                         concerned with locality constraint. 
                         They include                            
                                                  binding theory
                                                 bounding theory
                                                      government
                                                      subjacency
                         The barriers approach is Chomsky's
                         synthesis of these theories into a
                         unified locality constraint theory      

LOCATION                 
                         "The _place where_ something is."
                         (Cowper, 48-51).  See also: theta roles

LOGICAL FORM             
                         LF is the site of interaction between 
                         syntax and the formal aspects of
                         meaning.  In Chomsky's words, it is
                         "that partial representation of meaning
                         that is determined by grammatical
                         structure." (Chomsky, _Language and
                         Responsibility_, 165)                   
                         See also               interface levels
M-COMMAND                
                         The definition of c-command stated in
                         terms of its maximal projections, as in
                         the _Barriers_ definition

MARKEDNESS               
                         A distinction between the core and
                         periphery utterances of a language, a
                         continuum in which the more marked
                         elements are further from the core, and
                         UG. It is invoked to explain exceptional
                         constructions or those due to usage
                         conventions or historical accident.
                         (Cook 52-54)

MAXIMAL PROJECTION       
                         The furthest extent of the influence on
                         the grammar of a lexical entry's
                         projection.  In X'' theory, it is the
                         X'' above the X that the lexical entry
                         fills.  

MINIMALIST APPROACH      
                         "A theory of language that takes a
                         linguistic expression to be nothing
                         other than a formal object that
                         satisfies the interface conditions in an
                         optimal way (7)."  It relies on a number
                         of assumptions, some shared with earlier
                         frames, others marking departures: {1}
                         Language is autonomous from (though
                         embedded in) conceptual systems and
                         systems of pragmatic competence. {2}
                         Language consists of a single lexicon
                         and a single computing system that
                         interact to generate a pair of
                         representations that interface with the
                         articulatory-phonetic sysstem and the
                         conceptual-intentional system.  {3}
                         These are the only levels of linguistic
                         representation; and they are empirically
                         testable in terms of UG and I-language,
                         and their status (converge/crash) is
                         the only available indicator of the
                         workings of UG and I-language. {4}
                         Variation is assumed to be a feature of
                         performance.  {5} The UG of any
                         particular language constitutes a "fixed
                         system of principles and a finite array
                         of finitely-valued parameters (5)."
                         Differences in languages are reducible
                         to differences in parameter settings.
                         {6} The sub-theories of the
                         government-binding framework apply at
                         the interface levels only; they are
                         ways of interpreting performance. {7} 
                         (From Minimalist Approach, 1-7)         
                         See also           optimal realization 

MOVE -ALPHA             
                         An account of NP movement and WH
                         movement by means of one rule.  It
                         states simply that if -alpha is a
                         category, it can optionally be moved. 
                         The constraints of X-bar theory force it
                         to move in a constrained manner, so
                         there is no need to further constrain
                         movement.  The important distinction
                         made to operationalize this generalized
                         rule is that there are different kinds
                         of structures, yielding different kinds
                         of chains that move -alpha operates on
                         differently--namely A-chains, which
                         contain only A-positions, A-bar-chains,
                         which contain only A-bar positions, and
                         composed chains, which have links of
                         both types.

MOVEMENT                 
                         In GB, movement is the relationship
                         between d-structure and s-structure.  In
                         the minimalist approach, movement is
                         subsumed in the generative procedure,
                         I-language.  A few constraints of
                         movement are that it must be structure
                         preserving, i.e. it is constrained by
                         x-bar theory, and that movement is
                         always upward in the chain, leaving
                         traces in all positions it has moved
                         from.  Constituents must ber assigned
                         theta-roles before movement and can
                         only move to a position that has not yet
                         been assigned a theta-role.             
                         See also                    d-structure
                                                     s-structure

NP MOVEMENT              
                         A form of general transformation,
                         applicable at all levels of
                         representation.  In GB, NP movement is
                         applicable to case marked positions
                         moving to non-case-marked positions. 
                         Replaced by move -alpha in the
                         barriers approach.  When applied in
                         conjunction with structural constraints,
                         the features of UG and I-language can be
                         better accounted for  in light of
                         variations among particular languages,
                         which can be viewed as having differing
                         parameter settings                      
                         See also              barriers approach
                                                     WH movement
                                                        movement

OPTIMAL REALIZATION      
                         In the minimalist approach, "linguistic
                         expressions are the optimal realization
                         of the interface conditions where
                         'optimality' is determined by economy
                         conditions of UG." (Chomsky "Minimalist
                         Approach" 6)                            
                         See also            economy conditions 

OVERT SYNTAX             
                         The parts of the computational system
                         that are relevant to both the PF and the
                         LF components of the system.            
                                                     I-language 
                                                   LF component 
                                                   PF component 

PARAMETERS               
                         A finite array of settings applied to
                         the UG's invariant principles to
                         determine the particular language.  

PARSING                  
                         Parsing is the system of mapping
                         experience into structured chunks, or
                         percepts.  In the domain of language,
                         parsing maps phonetic expressions of a
                         particular language into structured
                         percepts which may be associated with a
                         SD.  A structured percept is a form
                         that can be accommodated by the LF
                         component.                              
                         See also                   LF component
                                                    PF component
                                                   phonetic form
                                          structural description
                                              structured percept
PATIENT                  
                         The recipient of an action.  See
                         theta-role.

PATIENT                  
                         "An _entity which_ undergoes action."
                         (Cowper, 48-51) See also: theta roles 


PERCEPT                  
                         "An _entity which_ is experienced or
                         perceived."  (Cowper, 48-51) See also:
                         theta roles.

PERFORMANCE              
                         

PF                       
                         phonetic form
PF COMPONENT             
                         The portion of the computing system
                         relevant to the formal representation of
                         sound.  (Chomsky, "Minimalist Approach,
                         4)                                      
                         See also                           -pi
                                                      I-language
                                                   phonetic form
                                                    overt syntax
                                                    LF component


PHONETIC FORM            
                         Or PF, The articulatory-perceptual
                         interface level of representation

PHRASE STRUCTURE         
                         A way of capturing the structural
                         relations of a sentence, using
                         constituents and what they consist of.
                         Phrase structure formerly was shown as
                         X-->YZ where --> menas "consists of."  A
                         conceptual advance has been the
                         discovery of abstract constituents such
                         as traces, COMP and INFL.  The "--> was
                         not sufficient to capture some of these.

                         The result was the development of x-bar
                         theory.                                 
                         See also:                    Complement
                                                      inflection
                                                           trace

PI                       
                         see -pi

PLD                      
                         see primary linguistic data

PRIMARY LINGUISTIC DATA. 
                         The experience which a language acquirer
                         in the initial state S0 maps onto a
                         particular language using the invariant
                         principles of UG and possible
                         parameters.

PRINCIPLES               
                         The invariant principles of UG.  In the
                         minimalist approach, they include: (1) a
                         basis in simple principles, (2) complex
                         interaction of those principles to
                         produce a discrete infinity, (3)
                         non-redundance of the components or
                         their functions, (4) economy of
                         derivation (with the evaluation metric
                         stripped from it), (5) a lexicon
                         computed for a particular language that
                         yields nothing but the convergent formal
                         representations of sound and meaning,
                         (6) Language acquisition as the mapping
                         of primary linguistic data onto
                         invariant principles (UG) and a finite
                         array of parameters which are set
                         according to the data encountered and
                         the constraints of the UG.              
                                             minimalist approach
                                                         economy
                                                          levels
                                                              UG
                                        primary linguistic data 
                                                      parameters

PRO-DROP                 
                         see PRO

PRO                      
                         The abstract, non-referential pronominal
                         element of S such as "it" in _It is
                         raining.  PRO may be dropped in
                         PRO-drop languages such as Italian.

PROJECTION PRINCIPLE     
                         The requirement that all levels of
                         syntax observe the specifications for
                         each lexical item given in its entry in
                         the lexicon.  

PRONOMINAL               
                         This is a pronoun which is not
                         co-indexed with an antecedent
                         grammatical function subject.

PROPER GOVERNMENT        
                         Proper government is required in GB
                         approaches to differentiate the way
                         lexical categories V, N, A and P govern
                         (namely, properly) from the way INFL
                         governs (It is not a lexical category
                         and only governs when AGR is present)
                         "-alpha properly governs -beta if and
                         only if -alpha governs -beta and
                         -alpha is lexical (Chomsky _Lectures on
                         GB_, 73, Cook 165)."  The notion of
                         proper government is questioned, along
                         with the necessity of the whole premise
                         of government, in Chomsky's minimalist
                         approach.  See also government.

RECIPIENT                
                         "A subtype of the goal thematic
                         relation.  It occurs with verbs denoting
                         change of possession." toward and from
                         which and to which--this type of
                         relation is one of the ones that is
                         vastly simplified and better explained
                         by argument function notation, here the
                         VIA PATH function.  (Cowper, 48-51,
                         Jackenbdoff, _Semantic Structures,
                         43-55) See also: theta roles.  

REPRESENTATION           
                         see levels, and for a detailed
                         discussion of representation, see
                         <\pid\funct01> and its links.

S-SELECTION              
                         Or semantic selection. A lexical entry
                         s-selects the -theta-roles appropriate
                         to its lexical category and subcategory
                         (e.. "give s-selects an agent, patient
                         and goal) and assigns them to argument
                         positions (A-positions).  The
                         combination of s-selection, case, and
                         A-position of -theta-roles results in
                         grammatical function at that position
                         of the phrase structure.               
                         See also:                 theta theory 

S-STRUCTURE              
                         In GB, the condition of the sentence
                         after movement has taken place,
                         including traces left from d-structure
                         positions.  This has been subsumed by
                         the interface between SDs and the
                         performance-interpretive system in the
                         minimalist approach.  

SD                       
                         See structural description

SOURCE                   
                         concrete or abstract "entity _from
                         which_ motion takes place"  (Cowper, 48-
                         51) See also: theta roles

SPEC                     
                         specifier

SPECIFIER                
                         In X-bar theory, the maximal projection
                         X'' branches into an abstract syntactic
                         head, and optionally, a specifier which
                         modifies it.  It is not necessarily
                         related to the lexical head and does not
                         have to be a phrase in its own right. 
                         Even if the specifier is null, its
                         position is present in the phrase
                         structure.  See X-bar theory

STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION   
                         Also, SD.  A complex of properties
                         produced by a generative procedure
                         (I-language) of a language, including
                         those commonly called "semantic" and
                         "phonetic."  The SD is the interface
                         between I-language and the
                         performance-interpretive system. 
                         See also                             PF
                                                              LF
                                                      I-language
                                      Performance-interpretation

STRUCTURE DEPENDENCY     
                         The UG principle that I-language
                         require a knowledge of structural
                         relations among the constituents rather
                         than simply word order                  
                         See also                    I-language 

STRUCTURED PERCEPT       
                         The output of parsing experience.  A
                         structured percept is form amenable to
                         interface with and processing by the
                         conceptual-intentional system.  

SUBJACENCY PRINCIPLE     
                         Constraints on the movement of
                         complements which are not imposed on
                         adjuncts.                               
                         See also                        adjunct
                                                 bounding theory
                                                      complement
                                                       L-marking
                                            locality constraints

THEMATIC ROLES           
                         See theta roles

THEME                    
                         It is used only with (either abstract or
                         concrete) verbs of motion as "_what
                         moves_.  "Theme" is often misused as a
                         sort of catch-all default when no other
                         label seems to fit.  This is another are
                         that is greatly clarified by the use of
                         distinctive features and argument
                         notation.  (Cowper, 48-51), See also:
                         theta roles

THEME                    
                         What is acted upon.  See theta-role.

THETA CRITERION          
                         Constrains the assignment of theta roles
                         in the following way: "Each argument
                         bears one and only one theta role, and
                         each theta role is assigned one and only
                         one argument." (Chomsky, _Lectures on
                         GB_ 36)

THETA THEORY             
                         -theta theory deals with the assignment
                         of semantic roles (theta roles) such as
                         'agent' or 'recipient' to elements in
                         the sentence, constrained by the theta
                         criterion." (Cook 34)  The whole
                         sub-theory looks like the following in
                         GB formulations: A lexical entry
                         s-selects its theta-roles and c-selects
                         the A-position to which they are to be
                         projected.  Theta roles of a the lexical
                         category V may be internal (c-commanded
                         by V), such as those to be assigned to
                         A-positions that can take the GF
                         "object of V," or external (outside the
                         maximal projection -- i.e. V''-- of V),
                         such as A-positions that can take GF
                         "subject of S". (Cook 117)     See also 
                                                      A-position
                                                        c-command
                                                        c-select
                                                lexical category
                                                   lexical entry
                                              maximal projection
                                            projection principle
                                                        s-select
                                                 theta criterion
                                                     theta roles

THETA ROLES              
                         Also -theta roles, thematic roles.
                         The theoretical status of theta roles
                         adopted here follows that of Jackendoff
                         in _Semantic Structures_  (1990, 43-57).
                         Jackendoff finds that they are reducible
                         to the argument structure and
                         distinctive feature [+/- 'feature']
                         system of the lexical entries that are
                         mapped onto the syntax.  The
                         combinatorial possibilities of these
                         interacting structures allows for a
                         simplicity in the parts in a discretely
                         infinite system.  Theta roles, argues
                         Jackendoff, are too broad to capture the
                         intricacies of argument structure
                         without distorions and exceptions.  They
                         are no more (but also no less) than
                         convenient mnemonic devices for the
                         general characteristics of argument
                         structure of lexical entries.  As such,
                         They are referred to here under the
                         following headings:               agent
                                                            goal
                                                          Source
                                                        location
                                                     experiencer
                                                       recipient
                                                      Instrument
                                                     benefactive
                                                           theme
                                                         patient
                                                         percept

GOAL                     
                         A theta role meaning abstract or
                         concrete "entity _toward which_ motion
                         takes place." (Cowper, 48-51) See also:
                         theta roles

TRACE                    
                         In GB theory, these are marks left on
                         the s-structure by the d-structure
                         after derivation has taken place.  They
                         allowed transformations to be greatly
                         simplified and universalized.  

TRANSFORMATION           
                         In early generative models,
                         transformations where the instrument of
                         generating surface structures from deep
                         structures.  They were language specific
                         ordered sets of rules that operated in
                         sequences and cycles.  The term has
                         fallen upon hard times, replaced by
                         derivation and movement, neither of
                         which is capable of capturing the
                         generative aspect as well as the term
                         "transformation."  Perhaps as syntactic,
                         phonological and semantic structures
                         become increasingly well-defined, the
                         generatrive aspects of the theory will
                         come into sharper focus.  The
                         shortcoming of the term has not
                         disappeared with the term itself,
                         however.  The main difficulty with
                         transformations, derivations and
                         movements is that they show relations
                         between one type of structure and
                         another through rearrangement of parts. 
                         The insight of transformations as
                         generative devices does not need to rely
                         so heavily on relations of different
                         grammatical structures (questions vs
                         declaratives, active vs. passive, for
                         two examples) as it still seems to.
                         Different sentences are not the same but
                         moved--they are more likely
                         different-structured employments of the
                         same semantic constituents in a related
                         but different context.  Sentence-type
                         relations provide a window into
                         inuitions about language, but not the
                         solutions to problems of differnce and
                         relation.  Trace theory, the methodology
                         that excised deep and surface structures
                         and transformations from generative
                         theory point this up--passive and active
                         sentences _are_ different, though they
                         may have closely related meanings. 
                         Structuralism cannot account for
                         generative procedures, however.  The
                         basic transformation in language appears
                         to be from form to meaning and meaning
                         to form.  This type of qualitative leap
                         requires more than structures or
                         movement--it requires a means of
                         bridging the gap, a transformation not
                         through time, but in kind.              
                         See also                 deep structure
                                               surface structure
                                                           trace
                         Hypertext link            <transfor.mat>


UG                       
                         Universal Grammar

UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR        
                         The invariant first principles of human
                         language, autonomous from other
                         cognitive capacities and universal in
                         humans.  Upon these principles are the
                         language-specific parameter settings and
                         procedures of I-language.

V MOVEMENT               
                         Explanations of verb movement remain an
                         open field.  

WH MOVEMENT              
                         From a non-case position to a case
                         position, leaving a trace at non-case
                         position.                               
                                                        movement
                                                    NP movement 

X-BAR THEORY             
                         A theory of phrase structure.  Phrases
                         always contain a head of the same type
                         in the following formulation:           
                                                                 
                         X'' -->  (specifier) + X'              
                               where X''= XP                     
                               and   X' is an abstract category  
                         X' --> X + (complement)                
                         Where X is a lexical or other 0-bar
                         head                                   


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