Exam
#2 Study Questions
Below
is a listing of possible exam questions. Exam #1 will derive from
this list, with possible additional questions added. Each question
has an associated point value. The exam will be only 100 points.
- As
an exercise physiologist, what would you say to a person who
feels the need to work on proper techniques of breathing to increase
their “wind” and eliminate the feelings of being “out
of breath” when running continuously for 20 to 30 minutes?
- How would you respond to the high school football coach who asks
you about the advisability of having a tank of oxygen on the sidelines
so players might breathe from it during time outs or rest breaks?
- A
person attempts to “squeeze out” a maximum lift
in the standing press. After straining to complete the lift the
person states: “I feel slightly dizzy and see spots before
my eyes?” Provide a plausible physiologic explanation. What
should you do?
- Discuss
the following statement: “Task-specific aerobic
exercise training not only trains the cardiovascular system and
local musculature, but also trains the nervous system to facilitate
physiologic adjustments to the specific form of exercise.”
- The Romans executed criminals by tying their arms and legs to
a cross hanging in the vertical position. Discuss the physiologic
responses that would cause death under these circumstances.
- If heart transplantation surgically removes all nerves to the
myocardium, why does heart rate increase for these patients during
physical activity? Explain.
- Discuss whether regular physical activity benefits a person even
if exercise remains insufficient to stimulate a training effect.
- Respond
to the question: “How long must I exercise to get
in shape?”
- Outline information you would need to know to develop a program
to effectively improve aerobic capacity for the specific physical
job performance requirements for firefighters.
- If
women respond to resistance training essentially the same as
men, why doesn’t
the upper arm girth of female body builders equal their male
counterparts?
- Outline steps you would take to design a resistance-training program
for previously sedentary middle-aged men and women.
- Describe the ideal resistance training equipment for a competitive
sprint swimmer.
- What arguments would you give to counter the position that there
exists no true sex difference in body fat, but only a difference
that results from sex-related patterns of regular physical activity
and caloric intake.
- A friend of yours complains that three different fitness centers
determined her percent body fat from fatfolds as follows: 25%,
29%, and 21%. How can you reconcile these differences?
- How come a singular prototype for body composition (% fat, fat-free
body mass) does not emerge when one analyzes the body composition
of elite athletes in diverse sports?
- A person seeks your advice for losing weight. This person has
attempted diverse diets, but has never experienced long-term success.
What strategy, advice, and words of encouragement can you offer?
- Respond
to the person who claims: “The only way to lose
weight is to stop eating. It’s that simple!”
- A
colleague comments that the obesity “war” would
easily be won if the overfat could just learn to apply greater
willpower and self-control. Give a response?
- If
regular physical activity contributes little to extending overall
life span, what other reasons exist for maintaining a physically
active lifestyle throughout middle and old age?
- Give
possible reasons why exercise proves more effective for coronary
heart disease patients than for patients with pulmonary disease.
- A
GXT on a bicycle ergometer has established 600 kg-m•min-1 as the desirable exercise intensity for training a CHD
patient. Discuss whether this exercise intensity would
also be appropriate arm-crank exercise for this patient.
- What recommendations would you give to a middle-aged man who wants
to begin an aerobic training program because he feels breathless
and chest discomfort while walking the golf course?
- The
ratio of muscle to nerve generally relates to…..?
- Name a totally aerobic tissue.
- Give a function of the sympathetic catecholamines with respect
to the heart.
- The highest PO2 is found where in the body?
- The %fat for the average healthy young male is inversely related
to:
- Which type of muscle action results in the most muscle soreness?
- In general, is a trained athletes max heart rate higher or lower
than the untrained?
- In
general, is a trained athlete’s resting heart rate higher
or lower than the untrained? Why?
- An
individual’s
endurance performance depends on what major nutrient. Explain.
- Describe gluconeogenesis.
- When a person loses only body fat their density will increase
or decrease?
- Describe the primary role of oxygen in the body.
- Define DOMS.
- Define MDE.
- What liver based process synthesizes glucose from the lactic acid
released from active muscle tissue?
- Give the general term used to describe the hydrolysis of a fat
molecule.
- What method can be used to estimate caloric expenditure using
pulmonary ventilation and expired oxygen percentage.
- What
is the term for a significant decrease in the iron content of
red blood cells that reduce the blood’s oxygen carrying
capacity.
- What term refers to reduced oxygen pressure.
- A fall in what factor usually reflects CO2 retention.
- An increase in ventilation during exercise is referred to as:
- Imparied coronary blood flow usually produces chest pains. What
is this called?
- Bradycardia results from the stimulation of which specialized
nerve(s)?
- What is the name of the law that associates increased end-diastolic
volumes with increased contractions of the heart?
- Give the typical resting cardiac output for the normal human heart.
- Which hormone plays a crucial role in the body weight regulation
and satiety.
- Identify the rate-limiting enzyme that facilitates triglyceride
uptake and storage by adipocytes.
- Data that are collected on the same subjects over time is called:
- What amino acid, when found in excessive levels can damage arterial
walls and increase relative risk of all vascular diseases.
- Give a total Cholesterol:HDL-C ratio representing a low risk level
for CHD.
- Give the term used to describe a significant abnormal alteration
in cardiac rhythm.
- In electrocardiography, a significant depression of which segment
is indicative of severe and extensive obstruction in one or more
coronary arteries.
- List the two factors that determine the rate of gas diffusion
into a fluid.
- Name the common types of catecholamines.
- List ways oxygen is carried in the blood.
- A systolic pressure of greater than ____ and a diastolic pressure
greater than ____are considered borderline hypertension.
- Describe muscle spindles function.
- Calculate PO2 at barometric pressure of 500 mm Hg?
- Give the formula for calculating percent saturation.
- Describe tachycardia?
- Give an equation determining percent body fat from density.
- Name physical factors affecting blood flow.
- Give the major differences between a saturated and unsaturated
fatty acid.
- List procedures a health care team should do in a cardiac disease
assessment.
- List variables needed to calculate Q using the Direct Fick procedure.
- Give the formula for rate-pressure product (RPP).
- Give two functions of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG).
- Describe how CO2 is carried in blood.
- Complete
the following: Lactic Acid + NAHCO3-->
____ + _____ --> H2O + CO2.
- Describe two indicators of the lactate threshold (LT).
- Name metabolic adaptations in anaerobic function that accompany
strenuous physical anaerobic training.
- Name variables involved in cardiac hypertrophy.
- Name
two specific “heart” related
effects of endurance training.
- List factors that explain the aerobic training induced increases
in total skeletal muscle blood flow during maximal exercise.
- Name the types of overtraining syndromes.
- Given the following data: 80 year old female; body mass = 50 kg;
resting heart rate = 75 beats per min; stroke volume = 50 mL/min;
a-vO2 differences = 5 mLO2/100 mL blood. Calculate the target heart
rate at 60% intensity.
- Calculate stroke volume from the following data: Ps=140, a-v O2 diff = 5 vol%, cardiac output = 20 liters/min, Pd = 90, HR = 160
bpm? (Give proper units)
- List factors that affect force generated by a muscle.
- Name factors that would enhance increased cardiac output.
- Does a trained athlete have a higher or lower max heart rate at
maximum exercise compared to an untrained? Explain.
- In terms of energy expenditure, why is it important to know RQ?
Explain.
- Name 3 parameters that can be determined on a stress test.
- Rapid weight loss generally results in what? Explain.
- What is the BMI for a person who is 158 cm tall and weighs 97
kg. Is this person overweight?
- Identify
the following 3 equations: 495/Db – 450; HR X SV;
BP ÷ CO =
- Give reasons why an endurance-trained athlete is better able to
generate high blood lactate levels during maximal exercise.
- Name mechanisms that regulate the pH of bodily fluids.
- Explain the relationship between cardiac output during exercise
and resistance to peripheral blood flow.
- Transmission of electrical impulses in the heart originates in
the SA node and travel to the AV node. Impulses leave the AV node
and travels through the ___ and ___ bundle branches and then through
the _____ fibers.
- Describe signs and symptoms of overtraining.
- Name the three leading chronic diseases in the US.
- Define minimal body weight.
- Name different indirect techniques to measure body compositions
of humans.
- Give the formula to determine goal (recommended) body weight.
- Give three comorbidities of the obese syndrome.
- Calculate the VO2 of an 80 year old female; body mass = 50 kg;
resting heart rate = 75 b/min), stoke volume = 100 mL/b, and a-vO2 difference = 18 mL O2/100 mL blood.
- List and describe two diseases affecting heart valves.
- Explain why lactic acid is formed during exercise.
- What is H2CO3? What is its purpose?
- Identify an ideal fuel substrate for long duration activity. Give
three characteristics.
- Describe different ways to express exercise intensity.
- Explain
the “mutant gene” hypothesis
for obesity.
- Explain coupled oxidative phosphorylation? Explain.
- Draw and label a lung-volume tracing showing.
- At
a walking pace, a young woman is able to use 2.0 L O2 per min.
Assuming 4.8 kCal/L O2, how long would it take her to "exercise
off" one pound of fat?
- List different CHD modifiable risk factors.
- Describe five exercise-induced indicators of CHD. Be specific.
- Name and describe 2 different approaches to treatment of hypertension.
Be specific.
- Describe the difference between the term physical activity and
Exercise Physical fitness
- Discuss the significance of the sigmoid shape of the O2-Hb dissociation
curve. Explain the Bohr effect and its role during exercise.
- List three physiologic factors that would be different for an
aerobicially trained versus sedentary individual. Give the variable
name and representative values of each with the correct units of
measurement [example: VO2max; trained = 70 mL/kg/min; untrained
= 45 mL/kg/min].
- Draw and label a graph showing ventilation and blood lactate as
a function of oxygen consumption. On the graph show the point of
ventilatory threshold and the lactate threshold. Be sure to label
the graph correctly.
- List the training principles and explain each.
- Draw generalized graphs illustrating VO2, cardiac output, heart
rate and stroke volume as a function of increasing work up to maximum
exertion (include units of measurement.)
- The
following case provides general descriptive information about an
individual including personal information and results of a graded
exercise stress test. Analyze the case, list the risk factors and
react to the results of the stress test. Make recommendations for
the person for exercise, risk reduction, and health maintenance.
DATA: Caucasian male stockbroker, age = 39 yr.; body mass = 92
kg; stature = 179 cm; percent body fat = 29%; total cholesterol
= 255 mg•dL-1, HDL cholesterol = 35
mg•dL-1, mother died of heart attack
at age 46; been sedentary since college days when he regularly
participated in intramural sports. Balke
GXT test: 3 m per hr; 2.5% increases in treadmill elevation per
every 2 min:
Grade,
% |
METS |
SBP,
mmHg |
DPB,
mmHg |
HR |
ECG |
Symptoms |
Rest |
|
128 |
89 |
82 |
normal |
none |
2.5 |
4.3 |
149 |
89 |
140 |
normal |
none |
5.0 |
5.4 |
154 |
88 |
154 |
normal |
none |
7.5 |
6.4 |
162 |
84 |
165 |
normal |
none |
10.0 |
7.4 |
180 |
83 |
172 |
normal |
none |
12.5 |
8.5 |
186 |
83 |
184 |
normal |
none |
15 |
9.5 |
198 |
86 |
197 |
normal |
none |
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