DOCUMENTS IN THE NEWS - 1997/2003
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN COLLEGE ADMISSIONS
Gratz and Hamacher /
Grutter
v.
The Regents of the University of Michigan
| The web page is intended for library reference and
research purposes. It does not officially represent The University of Michigan
in this legal matter. | |
Last updated on
January 18, 2008
Information on
Admissions Lawsuits (U-M News and Info Services)
- Gratz and Hamacher
lawsuit
- Describes complaint
- Undergraduate admissions policy
- Text of President Bollingers' press release
- President Bollinger's official response to the lawsuit
- Grutter lawsuit
- Describes the complaint
- Law School admissions policy and Dean Jeffrey Lehman's statement
- President Bollinger's official response
- Links to the full text of legal documents
- Articles from the University Record and Faculty Senate Assembly
statements and resolutions on diversity
Official
Answers
Press Releases
Wilmer, Cutler
and Pickering
- Description of law firm chosen to represent the University of Michigan
- Biographies of its lawyers
University of
Michigan Strategic Initiatives on Diversity
- Michigan
Agenda for Women
- Subtitle: Toward A Full & Equal Parternship; A Report from the President, 1996
- Adobe Acrobat (pdf) format
- Michigan
Mandate
- University of Michigan policy document on
diversity announced by President Duderstadt in September 1987
- Not available on the web
- A description appears in the Michigan
Daily on October 15, 1997
University of
Michigan Admissions Policies
- Undergraduate Admissions
- Office of
Undergraduate Admissions
- Admissions requirements and recommended high school curriculum
- Admissions application
- Information on campus visits, a typical student budget, and financial
aid
- Undergraduate
Admissions Philosophy (U-M News and Info Services)
- Undergraduate
Admissions Q and A (U-M News and Info Services)
- See Ann Arbor News, March 15,
1998, for stories on use of the selection index and its
predecessor grid and June 24, 2003 for a detailed
selection index with
maps of under-represented Michigan counties and states in the U.S.
- Current
Selection Factors (AA News, January 17, 2003) show weighting
toward academics
- Undergraduate
Admissions Policy (2003)
- Admissions policy announced on August 28, 2003 as a result of the
lawsuit
- Law School
Admissions
University of
Michigan Enrollment (Office of Budget and Planning)
- Enrollment and degrees by race or gender or department, 1997-2002
- Profile of freshman class and acceptance rates
Campus Opinion
Diversity
Initiatives
- Dialogues on
Diversity (LSA)
- Describes programs and events for discussing diversity on campus
- Includes resources being developed for teaching diversity in the
classroom
Constitution
- Fourteenth Amendment (Equal Protection)
- Eleventh Amendment (Lawsuits Against States)
Court Decisions
- Brown v. Board of Education
- Text of 1954 Supreme Court decision on desegregation
- Includes numerous footnotes
- Proposition
209 (California)
- California
Attorney
General
- Chronology of legal actions with hot links
- Includes text of Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decision
- Proposition
209 (Calif.Secy.State)
- Full text of proposal which prohibits California discrimination or
preferential treatment
- Analyses for and against proposal, written in 1996
- ACLU
Position
- Legal documents filed by the American Civil Liberties Union on
Proposition 209
- Articles on the constitutionality
- Affirmative
Action
and Diversity Project (UCSB)
- Position papers on both sides of affirmative action issue
- Includes race, gender, changing definitions of diversity, pending
federal and state laws and court decisions
- University of California Regent decision prohibiting race as college
admission factor as well as UC faculty and student response
- University of Texas v. Cheryl Hopwood et
al.
- Decision not to review 5th Circuit
Court of Appeals ban of racial
quotas for college admissions
- Directly affects Texas, Mississippi, and
Louisiana
- Supreme
Court Decision (Case Western Reserve)
- Short statement denying petition for writ of certiorari
- Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
Decisions
- University of
California v. Bakke (Cornell)
- Text and syllabus of 1978 Supreme Court decision allowing racial quotas in
college admissions
- Full citation for printed Supreme Court Decisions is
438 U.S. 265
Federal Laws
- Civil Rights
- Title 42, Chapter 21 of the United States Code
- Civil rights in public education, voting, accomodations, employment
- United States Code
- Searchable text of all laws in force as of January 16, 1996
Proposed
Federal Legislation
- Civil Rights
Act of 1997 (H.R. 1909)
- Text of bill before the 105th Congress
- Links to legislative status and statements in the Congressional
Record
- Riggs
Amendment
- Would limit preferential admissions in higher education at a national
level
- House Amendment 612 (105th Congress) to Higher
Education Act Authorizations defeated on May 6, 1998
- Link has text of amendment and roll call vote
- Higher
Education Reauthorization Act (H.R.6) to which the amendment
was originally attached
Proposed Michigan
Legislation
- Michigan HJR W
- Resolution would ban use of racial and gender preferences in college
admissions
- Introduced by Rep. David Jaye in May 1997
- Michigan version of Proposition
209
- Bill died in the legislature
- Gongwer
News Service
- Behind-the-scenes political report on the Michigan Legislature and
legislation
- Quotations by legislators and lobbyists made on the floor, in
committee, and in news conferences
- Coverage begins with September 1993
- Searchable by date or keyword (e.g. college admissions and
affirmative action)
- Single-site password available in Documents Center; ask staff for
sign-on
Ann
Arbor News
- Provides continuing coverage
- Does not archive its coverage on the web
- Use the paper edition of the Ann Arbor News in the Graduate Library in
conjunction with the List of Selected Ann
Arbor News
Articles
Detroit News
- Expected to provide continuing coverage; indexed and archived
for three years
- No longer archived on Academic Universe
Michigan
Daily
Michigan
Today
- Quarterly periodical for alumni and friends
- Includes article in its Fall 1997 issue
University
Record
- Official weekly newsletter for faculty and staff
- Expected to report developments; indexed and archived
Proposal 06-2:
Michigan Civil Rights
Initiative (i.e. ban affirmation action programs
Seattle
Schools
- Parents
Involved v. Seattle School District Number 1
- Constitutional questions include how Gratz and Grutter v. Bollinger
decisions in 2003 affect high school students
- Can race be used in high school admission decisions when the
district is not normally segregated
- Argued before the Supreme Court in conjunction with Meredith v.
Jefferson County Board of
Education on December 4, 2006
- Website includes briefs for the petitioner and resopndent
- Amicus
Brief (American Educational Research Association)
- Supports racial diversity in the public K-12 system
Affirmative
Action Alternatives
- Beyond
Percentage Plans: The Challenge of Equal Opportunity in Higher
Education (Civil Rights Commission)
- Analyzes use of percentage admission plans used in California
and Texas for increasing diversity on campus
- Percentage often means top x% of graduates in each high school
- Report drafted in November 2002
- Includes statistics on changes in enrollment
- Conclusion: percentage plans alone do not improve diversity
- Texas Top 10%
Project (Princeton)
- Multi-year project analyzing admissions criteria for the top 10% of
high school students
- Numerous articles and statistical reports
- Opportunities for grants
Interest
Groups
- American Association
for Affirmative Action
- Links to affirmative action policies in the federal and
state governments
- News coverage
- American
Association
of Community Colleges/Minority Resources Center
- Policy statements on affirmative action
- Minority faculty and students in two-year colleges
- Advanced degrees by field of teaching and race
- American
Civil
Liberties Union
- Search web site for news releases on its policy
- Americans United for
Affirmative Action
- Coverage of the Piscataway Supreme Court Case
- House and Senate sponsors of the Civil Rights Act of 1997 (considered
anti-affirmative action)
- Annotated links to civil rights
organizations
- Association
of American Universities
- Major interest group influencing federal legislation
- Authorizations includes news and testimony on the
authorization of higher education funds
- Appropriations provides clear charts on the final
appropriations of federal funds affecting higher education
- Policy Issues
- Testimony, speeches, letters, and links to related education sites
- Topics include student aid, research funding, animal research
- Reports and Publications includes links to Congressional
testimony
- Other Publications links to internet research
reports
- Center for
Individual Rights
- Position on free speech, affirmative action/civil rights, and sexual
harassment with related cases
- Summaries of its active cases, links to court decisions, and court
dockets
- Leadership
Conference on Civil Rights
- Background papers and recommendations on a variety of civil rights issues
- Affirmative action, elderly concerns, hate crimes, housing, religious
freedom
- National Association for
College Admissions Counseling
- Conferences, exhibits, and college fairs
- On the Hill summarizes news on federal
education appropriations, scholarships, and affirmative action issues
- Town Hall
- Web site for several conservative organizations
- Use search engine at bottom of page to search for articles
on affirmative action
Federal Government
- Beyond
Percentage Plans: The Challenge of Equal Opportunity in Higher
Education (Civil Rights Commission)
- Analyzes use of percentage admission plans used in California
and Texas for increasing diversity on campus
- Percentage often means top x% of graduates in each high school
- Report drafted in November 2002
- Includes statistics on changes in enrollment
- Conclusion: percentage plans alone do not improve diversity
- Congressional
Universe (UMich Only)
- Use the CIS Index section to
search for printed or full-text committee hearings on affirmative action
- Most publications available in the Documents Center in paper or
microfiche format
- President Bush
- Federal
Brief: Grutter v. Bollinger
- Written by Ted Olson on behalf of the Bush Administration opposing the
Law School's affirmative action guidelines
- Submitted January 16, 2003
- Federal
Brief: Gratz v. Bollinger
- Written by Ted Olson on behalf of the Bush Administration opposing the
University of Michigan's undergraduate admissions guidelines
- President Clinton
- See also Legal Issues
National Enrollment Statistics
Public
Opinion
- Poll:
Policy at UM Unpopular (Detroit Free Press)
- Reports of an EPIC/MRA poll showing two-thirds of Michiganians against
using race and parents' alumni status as admissions factors
- Over half support using low income as a factor
- Detroit Free Press, February 7, 2003
- Roper
Polls (Academic Universe)
- Go to REFERENCE/ROPER POLLS
- Search affirmative action for the latest polls by various news sources
and research institutes
Journal
Indexes
- Academic
Universe (UMich Only)
- Use ADVANCED NEWS SEARCH for the text of newspaper articles,
television transcripts, and popular magazines
- Use ADVANCED LEGAL SEARCH for the text of law journals
- ERIC
- Indexes educational reports and journals since 1966 by author, title,
keyword, thesaurus phrase and report number since 1996
- Full text reports (not journal articles) available, 1993+
- Try searching statistics along with another
term
- Proquest
(UMich Only)
- Indexes 2500 journals, magazines, and newspapers since the mid-1980s
and provides the full text of about half
Articles on the Web
- Political
Information
- Index to public policy web sites
- Includes lobby groups and legislators
- Affirmative
Action
and Diversity Project (UCSB)
- Position papers on both sides of affirmative action issue
- Includes race, gender, changing definitions of diversity, pending
federal and state laws and court decisions
- University of California Regent decision prohibiting race as college
admission factor as well as UC faculty and student response
- Affirmative Action:
Supporting Research (UMich)
- University of Michigan web page with annotated links to articles on
affirmative action
- Some articles written by University faculty
- No
Retreat: The Alamo of Affirmative Action (CIR)
- Articles and news stories from the Center for Individual Rights which
oppose affirmative action
- Race, Gender and
Affirmative Action: A Resource for Teaching
- Extensive annotated bibliography of race, gender, social groups
- Arguments for and against affirmative action in college admissions
- Legal cases
- Written by Elizabeth Anderson, Dept. of Philosophy, UMich, in 1998 and
updated through 2002
State-Based
Resources
- State Capital
Universe (UMich Only)
- Under ISSUES, the State Net Capital Journal, NCSL Legis Briefs, and
State Newspapers of Record have summaries of legal information arranged by
state
- See the main screen for state bills, laws, and regulations
- Academic
Universe
- Use the ADVANCED NEWS SEARCH and then U.S. NEWSPAPERS for state-based
newspapers; use ADVANCED NEWS SEARCH and then GENERAL PAPERS, Collegiate
Papers, for the newspapers of individual schools
- Use LEGAL RESEARCH and then either STATE CODES, STATE CASE LAW, or
LEGAL NEWS
- Use the Journal Indexes listed
above
Books and
Articles for Further Research
- Search MIRLYN
- MCAT: use subject headings (s=) such as "affirmative
action," "minorities--education," "racial and ethnic attitudes," and
"multiculturalism"
Grace York, Coordinator, Documents Center
University of Michigan Library
Graphics by Sherry Piontek and Barbara Perles
Send comments and suggestions to AskUs
http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/affirm.html
| The web page is intended for library reference and
research purposes. It does not officially represent The University of Michigan
in this legal matter. | |
The Regents of the University of
Michigan. All Rights Reserved
Since February 12, 2003 this page has been accessed 
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