High School Debate Topic 2007: Medical Assistance to Africa

PUBLIC HEALTH ASSISTANCE TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

High School National Debate Topic 2007

AIDS Orphanage, Swaziland, 2006

The lion, leopard, elephant, rhino and buffalo are considered "The Big Five" and often appear on African currencies. The eagle is a symbol of the United States.

Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its public health assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Last updated on June 19, 2007

Background on Subjects

Debate Readings and Background

CQ Researcher (UMich Only)
- Each issue provides summaries of arguments for various debate topics
- Africa Reports include Foreign Aid (August 29, 2003), genocide (August 24, 2004), and poverty (September 9, 2005)
Debate Central (National Center for Policy Analysis)
- Numerous articles on the main debate topic organized by subject, such as infectious diseases, health infrastructure, poverty, political dynamics, charitable organizations
- Includes propositions and evidence cards for AIDS and health infrastructure
- Includes links for the Lincoln-Douglas debate
University of Michigan Course Reserves
- Course reserve list at the Shapiro Undergraduate Library for the Summer 2007 debate institutes
- Includes 45 books on all aspects of aid to Africa

Books

MIRLYN
- MIRLYN
- Lists books within the University of Michigan Library system.
- Searchable by author, title, subject, keyword, and call number

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SUBJECT HEADINGS

Controlled vocabulary
Used for

Foreign material
When too many common keywords

Find through

LC Subject List (Library)
Record retrieved through keyword searching

Library of Congress Subject Headings: By Subject
Medical Subject Headings: By Subject
Library of Congress Subject Headings: By Country

Boolean Logic

Keyword Searching

Different examples; illustrate PubMed and something else

Illustration	MIRLYN	Proquest	JSTOR	LEXIS Academic	IPSA	Worldwide PoliSci Abstracts PAIS	Google
PHRASE	"aids orphans"	"aids orphans"	"aids orphans"	aids orphans	aids orphans	aids orphans	"aids orphans"
AND	malaria and africa	malaria and africa	malaria and africa	malaria and africa	malaria and africa	malaria and africa	malaria africa
OR	tuberculosis or tb	tuberculosis or tb	tuberculosis or tb	tuberculosis or tb	tuberculosis or tb	tuberculosis or tb	tuberculosis OR tb
NOT	malaria not AIDS	malaria and not AIDS	malaria not AIDS	malaria and not AIDS	malaria not AIDS	malaria not AIDS	malaria -AIDS
COMPLEX SEARCHING	corruption and (mugabe or zimbabwe)	corruption and (mugabe or zimbabwe)	corruption and (mugabe or zimbabwe)	corruption and (mugabe or zimbabwe)	corruption and (mugabe or zimbabwe)	corruption and (mugabe or zimbabwe)	corruption (mugabe OR zimbabwe
TRUNCATION	orphan?	orphan?	orphan?	orphan!	orphan*	orphan*	not applicable

Additional Keyword Protocols

Periodical Indexes

If an index does not have the full text of your article, use MGetIt button to link to the online journal text OR
University of Michigan catalog for the paper copy call number OR
Inter-Library Loan

Africa-Wide: NIPAD (UMich Only)
- Indexes 2 million books, articles, newspapers, dissertations, and multimedia sources on Africa
- Subjects include anthropology, sociology, politics, economics, business, law and music
- EXAMPLE: AIDS and "traditional medicine"
Congressional Research Service Reports (University of North Texas)
- Full text of hundreds of Library of Congress reports to Members of Congress since 1990
- Reports known for their brief and targeted analysis of issues
- Browse the sections on Foreign Aid and Medicine
- Recent reports include: AIDS in Africa, HIV/AIDS International Funding, FY2003-2006, International Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs, and Africa: U.S. Foreign Assistance Issues
ERIC: Educational Resources Information Center
- Indexes education reports and journal articles since 1966
- Includes the full text of non-journal reports, 1993-2004
- Journal articles are linked to the University of Michigan's full text for those using it on campus
- Sample search: HIV/AIDS and education and Africa
Government Accountability Office Reports to Congress
- Short, incisive reports to Congress on financial waste in the government
- Often reports suggest new policy initiatives
- SAMPLE SEARCH: malaria and africa)
International Political Science Abstracts, 1989+ (UMich Only)
- Index to scholarly political science journal articles in Western European languages
- Choose IPSA from the menu first; go to the next screen before searching
- Sample search: "foreign aid" and africa
- Searches may be recombined
- Data includes author, title, journal, and abstract in English if the article is in English
- If the article is in another language, the title is translated into English but the abstract is in French
JSTOR (UMich Only) [http://www.jstor.org/jstor/]
- Full text of major 20th Century historical, political science, economic and sociology periodicals
- Most periodicals available from 1900-2000
- Most efficient index is the Expert Search
- Sample search: aids and cure and virgins and africa or "aids orphans"in sociology journals
- View articles page-by-page or use the download button and Adobe Acrobat to print, save, or view entire article
LEXIS-NEXIS Academic (UMich Only) [http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe]
- For NEWSPAPER ARTICLES use the GUIDED NEWS SEARCH
  - This section permits keyword searching of the full text of articles
  - See WORLD NEWS/MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA for articles on genocide and Rwanda
- For MEDICAL ARTICLES use MEDICAL/MEDICAL AND HEALTH JOURNALS (e.g. malaria and vaccine)
- Use BUSINESS/INDUSTRY AND MARKET/PHARMACEUTICAL for news about drug companies providing medicine to Africa (e.g. aids and free medicine)
ProQuest (UMich Only) [http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPUcxQw@@]
- Research Library indexes some 2500 journals in all fields since the 1980s
- Journals indexed by author, title, keyword, periodical, and date
- Sample searches
- Provides the full text of many since the 1990s; use MGetIt button for those without the full text designation
- Articles may be marked for downloading
- Text in HTML and image formats
PubMed
- Over 15 million citations to over 4000 biomedical journals since 1950
- Sample search: malaria and vaccine
- PubMed (UMich Campus Only)
  - On-campus web site provides link to the full text of articles through the M-Get-It button
- Pub Med (Public Access)
  - Federal web site provides full text access to selected journals
Public Affairs Information Service Bulletin (UMich Only)
- Subject index to books, articles, and government documents on politics and economics since 1972 in Western European languages
- Government documents include United States, United Nations, League of Nations, and State Governments
- You can easily add retrospective coverage, 1915-1971, to a search
- Sample Keyword Search: (gag rule or mexico city policy) and abortion
- There are also paper versions (English, 1915+, Z 7163 .P98 and foreign, 1968+, Z 7164 .E2 P96)
Sociological Abstracts (UMich Only)
- Index of sociology articles since 1952 with MGetIt links to many in full text
- Numerous articles on cultural practices in Africa, including prevention, treatment, and traditional remedies for AIDS
- Example: aids and africa
Worldwide Political Science Abstracts (UMich Only)
- Citations, abstracts, and indexing of the international serials literature since 1975
- Political science and complementary fields, including international relations, law, and public administration/policy
- Indexes foreign language journals and translates the title into English
- Sample Keyword Search: women's rights and (aids or hiv)

Periodicals - Full Text [Web]

Electronic Journals and Newspapers (UMich Only) [http://www.lib.umich.edu/ejournals/]
- Alphabetic and subject lists of full text journals and newspapers
- Available to campus web sites and authenticated remote users
Congressional Quarterly (UMich Only) [http://library2.cqpress.com/cqweekly]
- Library has online: 1983-
- Weekly publication with non-partisan political analysis of Congress
- Identifies major legislation, the issues, and players
- Political party and election analysis
- Web coverage begins in 1983 and is searchable
- Sample search: "foreign aid" and africa with time period as anytime
- Separate index for roll call votes beginning 1995
- 1946- available in Graduate Library stacks (JK 1.C12) with Almanac, 1946- in Documents Center (JK 1. C756)
National Journal (UMich Only) [http://nationaljournal.com/pubs/nj/index.htm]
- National Journal is a weekly periodical that focuses on the politics of the Executive Branch with some reference to current legislation
- Full text on the web with National Journal group subscription
- Paper copy: JK 1 .N28 (1977-)
- Includes public opinion poll on national service
- EXAMPLE/Advanced Search/Boolean "foreign aid" and africa

Think Tanks

Comprehensive Sources

Columbia International Affairs Online (UMich Only) [http://www.ciaonet.org/]
- Search engine indexes current world politics journals, books, conference proceedings, and think tank working papers
- Full text primarily of working papers
- Sample search: drinking water and disease and africa

Individual Think Tanks

Brookings Institution [http://www.brook.edu/default.htm]
- Private, non-profit, independent institute analyzing U.S. government policy and international relations
- Summaries of position papers on "hot topics" and selected Congressional testimony
- Table of contents for the Brookings Review and selected articles
- Publications catalog and information about the organization
- Sample search: medical aid africa
Cato Institute [http://www.cato.org/]
- Philosophy of limited government, free market, individual liberty, terrorism, and the Patriot Act
- "Hot Topics" has the text of Cato Institute position papers, arranged by subject and searchable by keyword
- Congressional testimony by institute representatives
- Primarily interested in foreign economic aid rather than medical assistance
- Use the subject index under "foreign policy" and "international economics and development" to find any articles on foreign aid to Africa
Guttmacher Institute
- Focus on sexual and reproductive health worldwide
- Numerous reports on AIDS and adolescents in Africa
- Some material on abortion and contraception
National Center for Policy Analysis [http://www.debate-central.org/2007/research/]
- Non-profit, non-partisan public policy think tank
- Pro and con issue papers on health care, taxes, Social Security, welfare, education, and environment
- Background papers on high school debate topics supplemented by statistics
- Includes text of relevant bills and opinions of other think tanks
Rand Corporation [http://www.rand.org/]
- Non-profit research organization
- "Research Areas" includes a subject bibliography of RAND publications since 1985 with abstracts of the reports and articles in the RAND Research Review since 1994
- The Center for Domestic and International Health Security has several articles on health problems in Africa
United States Institute of Peace [http://www.usip.org/]
- Promotes the resolution of international conflict without violence
- Provides advice to other nations about the rule of law
- Describes the organization's work, internships and grants
- Handles African medical crises from the perspective of peace and conflict

News Sources

United States

Academic Universe/Lexis (UMich Only)[http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/]
- Full text of newspapers from around the world in English translation since the mid-1980s
- News has subsections on General News, World News, and Medical News
- Use Guided Searching for full-text
New York Times
- Full text of today's New York Times and a searchable archive
- Initial registration required
- Registration currently free in the U.S. but organization reserves the right to charge
- Serials/Microforms has microfilm edition, 1851+ (FILM X979)
- Paper index in Reference Room, 1943+ as AI 21 .N53 with 1851-1942 in Graduate Library stacks
- Academic Universe (UMich Only) indexes the Times, 1969-79; full text begins in 1980
- Full Text, 1851-1999 (UMich Only), is a great place for articles on colonialism

Foreign

Access World News (UMich Only)
- Superb source for African newspapers in English since 1996
- Search all newspapers together or individually
- Sample search: AIDS and prevention
All Africa
- Hundreds of thousands of news articles in English or French from African sources beginning 1997
- Searchable by keyword
- Sample Search: malaria and vaccine
International News Archive (Special Libraries Association)
- Direct links to English or French newspapers in African countries with notes on archival features
- Last updated in 2004
World News Connection (UMich Library Only) [http://wnc.dialog.com/]
- Full text of foreign news broadcasts and press releases translated into English beginning November 1994
- Use Advanced Search by a combination of keyword, region, subject, country and modified by date
- Regions are:
- Networked to University of Michigan IP addresses

Africa

Background on Countries

African Studies Web Server (Univ.Penn.)
- Exhaustive annotated web links
- Arranged by country
- Subject approach ranges from economics and agriculture to population studies, wildlife and health
Background Notes on Countries of the World: Africa (State Dept)
- Summarizes a country's history, economy, and foreign policy
- Updated on a staggered basis every few years
CIA World Factbook
- Brief information about a country's population, ethnicity, politics, and economics
Economic Intelligence Unit (UMich Only)
- Extensive country profiles and reports on economics, health, business and political risk

Culture

African opinion on U.S. policies, values, and people : joint hearing before the Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight and the Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, March 28, 2007. United States.Congress.House.Committee on Foreign Affairs.Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight Y 4.F 76/1:AF 8/41 Online version.
EHRAF Collection on Ethnography
- Search keywords such as AIDS or malaria for customs of tribal cultures in Africa
Sociological Abstracts (UMich Only)
- Index of sociology articles since 1952 with MGetIt links to many in full text
- Numerous articles on cultural practices in Africa, including prevention, treatment, and traditional remedies for AIDS
- Example: aids and africa
UNESCO Education Server
- Statistics on educational enrollment, attainment, teaching, and finance for the world, continentsts, and groups of countries
- Brief education and mortality statistics for individual countries
- Extensive section on HIV/AIDS education
- Directory of national ministries of education and distributors of UNESCO publications

Traditional Medicine

Traditional African Medicine
- Article from the Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine
- Provides details and examples of traditional medicine in Africa
- Scroll down to hide persistent popup
Traditional Medicine
- Brief description of the practices and herbal medicines used in many African countries
- WHO's goals to integrate safe traditional medicine into its programs
See also Superstitions

African Health Challenges

Comprehensive

African Studies Center/Health (University of Pennsylvania)
- Superb annotated links to web sites on individual African diseases
- Links to individual African health ministries and hospitals
Country Health Profiles (WHO Africa)
- Separate documents for each country give literacy rates, deaths by disease for children and adults
- Access to water, sanitation, mosquito nets, and vaccinations
- Behavioral risks and condom use
- Infant mortality rates and life expectancies
- Number of health workers
- Government expenditures on health
- Some countries also have health goals
Drugs for Neglected Diseases
- Describes new drugs being developed
- Describes diseases for which drugs have only marginally been developed
  - African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
  - Dengue fever
  - Leishmaniasis
  - Malaria
  - Schistosomiasis
  - Tuberculosis
  - Chagas disease
  - Leprosy
  - Lymphatic filariasis
  - Onchocerciasis
Global Health Council
- Membership organization of health-care professionals and organizations that include NGOs, foundations, corporations, government agencies and academic institutions
- Issues numerous periodicals and policy papers, particularly on AIDS and malaria
- News on recent U.S. and international legislation
Health Status (NCPA)
- Written assessments of the health status in Africa
- May be used in conjunction with WHO health statistics
Infectious Diseases (National Center for Policy Analysis)
- Brief articles meant for debaters on HIV, bird flu, ebola virus, TB, and malaria
World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa
- Country health profiles
- News on the latest health initiatives in the region
- WHO initiatives on infectious diseases, reproductive health, the environment, health administration, and preventive measures
WHO Statistical Information System
- Choose individual countries in Africa for summary statistics or individual indicators for a worldwide comparison
- Data includes life expectancy, deaths of children due to individual diseases, immunizations, health habits, births by Casesarean section, contraception, health workers, hospital beds, government expenditure on health, literacy, cost of telephones, personal computers

Health Conditions

Ebola Virus

Ebola Virus (University of Pennsylvania)
- Extensive annotated links to reports on the symptoms and treatment of the Ebola Virus
- Sources include the Centers for Disease Control and universities in the United States and Africa
WHO: Ebola Haemorrahagic Fever
- Includes transmission, symptoms, and treatment for the disease, which kills 50-90% of the people it infects
- History of the disease and brief facts on its occurrence

Genocide

Armed Conflict Database (UMich Only)
- Annual in-depth written analysis of armed conflicts around the world since 1997, including non-state parties, death toll
- Statistics, bar graphs, and pie charts by year and country for fatalies, weapons, refugees, and returnees
- Summary information on individual non-state groups (e.g. Hezbollah)
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide
- Passed by the United Nations General Assembly on December 9, 1948
Electronic Mine Information Database
- Country information on landmines and signatories to an anti-land mine treaty
SIPRI Yearbook
- Paper copy has lengthy annual summary of international military affairs, conflict, disarmament, statistics, and signatories to major treaties
- The 2005 issue addresses peacebuilding efforts in Africa
- Paper copy: UA 17 .S12 with current in Doc.Cen.--Doc.Ref.
- Internet version has a brief summary of the chapter
UN Peace-Keeping Operations
- World map identifies current and completed peacekeeping missions since 1948
- Data for each mission includes a description, dates, military strength, and the name of the primary military observer
- Separate sections of the web site include fatalities by type and mission, numbers of peacekeeping forces contributed by country, lessons learned from past missions, and the most current annual report

Darfur

Deteriorating Peace in Sudan United States Congress House Committee on International Relations. Sept. 20, 2006 Y4.IN8/16:SU2/10 Online Version.

Human Rights Watch Crisis in Darfur

Links to substantial reports and United Nations actions on the Darfur crisis
Recommendations for personal action to end the crisis, including divestment

International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur

Text of report on human rights abuses in the Sudan
Microsoft Word Version
PDF Version

HIV/AIDS

Adult Prevalence of AIDS Map
- 2006 map by UN AIDS that shows percentage of infected population by country
AIDS (National Center for Policy Analysis)
- Web sit e meant for debates includes pros and cons of an abstinence only policy, new drugs for AIDS treatment, sexual violence, the stigma of AIDS
- Primarily an American perspective
AIDS Crisis in Africa
- Hearing before the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee, March 27, 2003
- Examines the federal role in combating the global transmission of AIDS, in Africa, focusing on issues relating to research, prevention, care, and treatment, HIV transmission through unsafe medical practices, and global control of tuberculosis and malaria
President Clinton's AIDS Initiative
- Describes efforts to combat AIDS with affordable diagnostics and medicine
- Focus on children
WHO/OMS: HIV/AIDS (World Health Organization)
- Facts on the transmission and diagnosis of the disease
- Specific information on medicines and country plans for using them
- Numerous publications and a toolkit
World AIDS Conference, Toronto, 2006
- Session held in Toronto, August 13-18, 2006
- Included a combination of medical, pharmaceutical and treatment items
- Bill Clinton and Bill Gates were speaker
- Web site includes video of opening and closing sessions
- AIDS 2006 Evaluation Report is an evaluation of the program rather than the world AIDS situation
2006 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic (UNAIDS)
- Appendices compare individual countries on domestic expenditures for AIDS, AIDS education, various treatment plans, AIDS orphans attending school
- Country profiles provide same information for individual nations with additional information on life expectancy
- Text describes prevention, testing, treatment, human rights and gender issues worldwide
AIDS Superstitions
- AIDS Education Global Information System
  - Search "traditional healers" for superstitions about AIDS cures
- Narrative in Times of Crisis: AIDS Stories in Ghana (UMich Only)
  - Describes folk options for avoiding AIDS, including one-night stands and various positions
  - Written by Kwesi Yankah for the Journal of Folklore Research, May-Dec. 2004, p. 181 (through Proquest)
- Kenya: Permissive African Sexual Traditions Spread AIDS (AEGIS)
  - Describes cleansing ceremonies
  - Reuters article by Helen Nyambura, February 17, 2004
- Traditional Healers Attack AIDS Superstition (AEGIS AIDS Education Global Information System)
  - Superstition involves sleeping with virgins as a cure for AIDS
  - Article by James Hall in Inter Press Service, January 24, 2002
Additional Readings

Malaria

WHO Official Malaria Site
- Characteristics and diagnosis of malaria
- Emphasis on prevention of malaria through vector control (insecticides and mosquito nets)
- Treatment options
Malaria (Centers for Disease Control)
- Physicians' guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of malaria in the U.S.
- Prevention for U.S. travellers abroad
Malaria Factsheet (Doctors without Borders)
- Focus on malaria treatment in Africa using a combination of drugs
Malaria Hub (Medicine Plus)
- Extensive links to prescription drugs for treating malaria, including counterfeit drugs
- Prevention and screening methods, patient education, clinical trials
- Medline and AMA articles
Regional Malaria Information (CDC)
- Risk of malaria by region within individual countries
- Various preventive drugs and their side effects
Roll Back Malaria
- International political movement to conquer malaria
- Numerous news and administrative articles
Selected Readings

Starvation

Famine (National Center for Policy Analysis)
- A selected few articles on famine in Africa
Food Security Statistics
- Hunger map shows countries with greatest deprivation
- Use the country profiles for information on food deprivation, diet consumption, poverty, child malnutrition, and life expectancy
Global Hunger Alliance
- International non-governmental organization
- Numerous reports on improving agriculture in third world countries
- Factory farming is a special concern
State of Food Insecurity in the World: 2006
- Trends in the reduction of malnutrition since the 1996 World Food Summit
- Includes goals of summit and how they are to be accomplished
- Numerous charts and graphs showing the situation in Africa is worsening
World Food Programme
- An arm of the United Nations and Food and Agriculture Organization for providing nutrition, particularly to women, children and those with AIDS
- Extensive web site has country reports on its projects
World Food Summit: 1996
- Rome Declaration on World Food Security provides a specific action plan to reducing the number of undernourished people in half by 2015
- There's an action plan developed before the conference for Africa
- The technical background includes environmental conditions and farming practices which lead to famine
The U.S. response to East African famines and the future outlook for food aid in Africa : hearing before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, April 1, 2003 United States.Congress.House.Committee on International Relations Y 4.IN 8/16:F 21/4 Online version

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (World Health Organization/Africa)
- Description of the DOTS strategy to eliminate TB in Africa
- Country profiles on incidence and detection of tuberculosis
- Links to numerous publications, including drug-resistant TB and the link between TB and HIV
Merck TB Factsheet
- Clear and extensive explanation of tuberculosis, the world's largest infectious disease
- Describes types of tuberculosis, which may occur outside the lungs
- Diagnostic methods and types of drugs available
- Effects of TB, especially on children, the elderly and those with HIV
StopTB (World Health Organization)
- Describes the global drug facility, Stop TB's medical supply arm
- Spreadsheets on TB estimates
- Global TB Report
Stop TB Partnership
- Extensive list of governmental and nongovernmental global partners in the fight against TB
- Describes each organization and provides a web link when available
TB Core Curriculum (Centers for Disease Control)
- A textbook for the clinician
TB FAQ (Centers for Disease Control)
- Answers on TB made for patients, including the difference between active and latent TB
- How it is spread, types of medicines
USAID Coalition for TB Assistance
- Description of the TB epidemic by country with an emphasis on specific objectives forming USAID's TB eradication program
Selected Publications

Water and Sanitation

African Development Bank: Water
- Use search engine to find numerous articles on the AFB's water supply and sanitation projects
Millennium Indicators (UN)
- Use keywords "drinking water" or "sanitation" to find charts comparing their availability by country, 1990 and 2004
UN Habitat
- International organization promoting livable cities
- Use search box (water and africa) to find news articles on water and sanitation projects in Africa
Water and Sanitation (UNICEF)
- 1997 report from the Progress of Nationsdescribing sanitation problems as related to economic development

Health Service Delivery

Health Infrastructure

Country Health Profiles (WHO Africa)
- Separate documents for each country give literacy rates, deaths by disease for children and adults
- Access to water, sanitation, mosquito nets, and vaccinations
- Behavioral risks and condom use
- Infant mortality rates and life expectancies
- Number of health workers
- Government expenditures on health
- Some countries also have health goals
Health Infrastructure (NCPA)
- Extensive set of articles analyzing problems in African health infrastructure
WHO Statistical Information System
- Choose individual countries in Africa for summary statistics or individual indicators for a worldwide comparison
- Data includes life expectancy, deaths of children due to individual diseases, immunizations, health habits, births by Casesarean section, contraception, health workers, hospital beds, government expenditure on health, literacy, cost of telephones, personal computers
African Ministries of Health
- Benin - http://www.gouv.bj/en/ministeres/msp/index.php
- Botswana - http://www.moh.gov.bw/
- Burkina Faso (French) - http://www.sante.gov.bf/SiteSante/index.jsp
- Equatorial Guinea - http://www.ceiba-guinea-ecuatorial.org/guineeangl/minsante1.htm
- Ghana (daytime only) - http://www.ghana.gov.gh/governing/ministries/social/health.php
- Kenya - http://www.health.go.ke/
- Lesotho - http://www.lesotho.gov.ls/health/
- Malawi - http://www.malawi.gov.mw/MoHP/index.health.htm
- Mozambique (Portugese) - http://www.misau.gov.mz/
- Namibia - http://www.healthnet.org.na/mhssindex1.htm
- Nigerian Health Policy - http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/NR/exeres/B734276E-75DB-4140-978E-2164C3F48C97.htm
- Nigeria, Akwa Ibom State - http://www.akwaibomstategov.com/mn_health.html
- Rwanda - http://www.moh.gov.rw/
- Senegal (French) - http://www.sante.gouv.sn/
- South Africa - http://www.doh.gov.za/
- Swaziland - http://www.gov.sz/home.asp?pid=61
- Tanzania - http://www.tanzania.go.tz/health.htm
- Uganda - http://www.health.go.ug/
- Zambia - http://www.moh.gov.zm/
- Zimbabwe - http://www.mohcw.gov.zw/

Medical Drugs

Africa Health News
- Search database of current articles using the terms "pharmaceutical" or drugs
Drugs for Neglected Diseases
- Describes new drugs being developed
- Describes diseases for which drugs have only marginally been developed
  - African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
  - Leishmaniasis
  - Malaria
  - Chagas disease
Leading Drug Companies
- AstraZeneca
  - Text of its bioethics policy
  - Search web site under "africa" for its latest initiatives
- GlaxoSmithKline
  - Numerous products used in Africa
  - Do a keyword search
- Merck
  - Do keyword searches by disease for a list of possible medicines and the term "africa" for the company's outreach initiatives
- Pfizer
  - Do a keyword search on "africa" for a list of its philanthropic measures
Lexis Nexis Academic (UMich Only)
- Search Business/Industry News/Pharmaceuticals section for drugs, drug companies and drug testing used in Africa
Medical Drugs (NCPA)
- Articles on the effectiveness of AIDS and malaria drugs as well as vaccinations
UNESCO Official Criticizes Some Pharmaceutical Firms
- Dr. Pierre Sane criticized some pharmaceutical companies for testing drugs in Africa without adequately warning volunteers of possible side effects
- Presumably appeared in Africa News in May 2007
Drug Importation: Would the Price Be Right? United States Congress Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Feb. 17, 2005 Y4.L11/4:S.HRG.109-87, Lobbyists believe price controls on foreign drugs would discourage research in the U.S. Online version

International Trade and Pharmaceuticals, United States Congress Senate Committee on Finance Apr. 27, 2004., SUDOC: Y4.F49:S.HRG.108-730. About price controls in foreign countries. Online version.

Special Subjects

Economic Growth

African Development Bank Group
- A multilateral bank comprised of African and non-African countries
- Works with debt relief issues, social development, and some economic development
Africa Development Indicators
- Provides data on government finances, trade, and household welfare of selected countries, including expenditure quintile by monogamous and polygamous males
Economic Growth (NCPA)
- Topics include foreign direct investment, free trade, microlending, and the relationship between health and wealth
Economic Commission for Africa (UN)
- May provide the best overall view of improving the economic status of Africa
- Economic Report on Africa devotes each annual issue to a particular topic, 2007 being diversification
UNCOMTRADE (UMich Only)
- Continues paper copy of UN Commodity Trade Statistics (Grad. Lib. HA 13 .U54)
- Imports and exports by country and commodity (HS and SITC)
UN Development Programme: Africa
- Regional and country news on democratic governance, poverty reduction, energy and environment, crisis prevention and AIDS
United Nations Statistics Common Database
- Choose Employment by Sex and Industry Branch (ISIC 3) for employed people in individual countries by industry (e.g. manufacturing, retail trade, mining)
- Database also has information on imports/exports, gross domestric product, inflation rate, AIDS orphans, household income, literacy rates, death rates, and government expenditures
World Bank
- World Bank: Africa
  - In-depth reporting and numerous publications on development activities to relieve poverty in Africa
  - Themes include anti-corruption and its goals, HIV/AIDS, programs and some reasons for their failures, debt relief, energy, gender, water and sanitation
- World Bank E-Library (UMich Only)
  - Over 4500 searchable reports on worldwide development, including African economic, social and technical development
World Development Indicators Online (UMich Only)
- Time series of data sets for over 500 variables and approximately 200 countries
- While focused on economics, the subject coverage is wide ranging
- Health care as a percent of government expenditures, child labor, percent of women receiving prenatal care, percent living in poverty by urban and rural residence
- Unlike the UN Common Database, you can easily choose a group of countries and a group of indicators rather than make individual selections
- Download as HTML, CSV or Excel file
- Available on UMich campus or by authenticated remote login

Education

Education (NCPA)
- Just a few selected articles on African education
ERIC: Educational Resources Information Center
- Indexes education reports and journal articles since 1966
- Includes the full text of non-journal reports, 1993-2004
- Journal articles are linked to the University of Michigan's full text for those using it on campus
- Sample search: dropout and education and Africa
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
- The section on Africa lists the education action plans of individual African countries
- The Education section focuses on programs for early childhood, primary, secondary, higher, literacy, AIDS, and teacher education
- The Global Education for All Monitoring Report: 2007 has an analysis of education in Africa
- UNESCO Database has time series of education, culture, and communication statistics for regions and countries of the world
USAID's Education Programs in Africa: Country Studies
- Different emphases for different countries, including interactive radio, community tutor, and girls in primary schools

Global Security

Global Security (NCPA)
- Articles on devastating effects rather than terrorist use of biological weapons
National Institute of Infectious Diseases
- Alphabetic list and description of infectious diseases
- Surveillance networks and statistics
- Its Emerging Infectious Diseases covers new world outbreaks
PubMed
- Over 15 million citations to over 4000 biomedical journals since 1950
- Sample search: malaria and vaccine
- PubMed (UMich Campus Only)
  - On-campus web site provides link to the full text of articles through the M-Get-It button
- Pub Med (Public Access)
  - Federal web site provides full text access to selected journals
  - Sample search: pandemic and spread
WHO Global Atlas of Infectious Diseases
- Get map or spreadsheet of infectious diseases around the world up to the month

Politics

Comprehensive
- Political Development (NCPA)
  - Articles on democracy and political development
- Political Instability
  - Articles on conflict, terrorism, and corruption in African governments

General Governance

African Union
- Inter-governmental organization of individual African nations with meetings sponsored by the chiefs of state, a parliament and judiciary
- Numerous policy statements and treaties but difficult to find because no functioning search engine as of June 8, 2007
African Governance Report: 2005(Economic Commission for Africa)
- Annual report on political governance, institutional checks and balances, and human rights
International Foundation for Election Systems
- Supports democratic and fair elections in Africa
- Provides anti-corruption assistance
Risk Briefing/Economic Intelligence Unit (UMich Only)
- Quarterly assessment of political, economic, foreign trade, legal, and regulatory risks in 150 countries
- Ratings supported by extensive written analysis
Worldwide Governance Indicators (World Bank Institute)
- Interactive maps and spreadsheets show control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability, voice and accountability, regulatory quality and rule of law since 1996
- Spreadsheets also available

Corruption

Anti-Corruption
- Five goals to combat corruption with some information by region of the world
Foreign assistance: U.S. anticorruption programs in sub-Saharan Africa will require time and commitment : report to the Subcommittee on African Affairs, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. 2004 United States.General Accounting Office GA 1.13:GAO-04-506 Online version
Transparency International
- Provides data on public perception of corruption, including bribery and judgeships
- Data arranged by subject or region
Worldwide Governance Indicators (World Bank Institute)
- Interactive maps and spreadsheets show control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability, voice and accountability, regulatory quality and rule of law since 1996
- Spreadsheets also available

Terrorism

Armed Conflict Database
- Fatalities, refugees and weapons used in armed conflicts since 1997
- Lists political parties involved in the disputes
Country Reports on Terrorism (State Department)
- Summary of terrorism in Africa in 2006
Worldwide Incidents Tracking System (National Counterterrorism Tracking Center)
- Search by keyword, region, and/or date to obtain a brief description of terrorist incidents around the world since January 1, 2004
- Data includes fatalities, injuries, and hostages
- Click on incident for known perpetrators
- Interactive map also available

Poverty

Poverty (NCPA)
- Smattering of articles on poverty in Africa
Human Development Index
- Ranks countries by life expectancy, literacy, education and GDP
- Compares women's rankings with men's
Human Development Report (UNDP)
- Web version summarizes regional and country statistics on economic, social, and educational development
- Each annual version focuses on an individual topic
  - 2006 issue addressed water crisis
  - 2005 issue carried poverty statistics by country with additional data on life expectancy, literacy, and per capita gross domestic product
- Table 3 in all annual volumes provides poverty statistics by country
- Paper copy (Doc. Cen. HD 72 .H92) carries murder, rape, drug crime, and prisoner statistics for selected industrialized countries appear in the statistical appendix
Poverty Net Data (World Bank)
- Numerous studies and reports on poverty
- Links to wealth as measured by the Gini coefficient
- Section on Poverty and Health provides numerous data linking the two
United Nations High Commission on Refugees
- Numerous articles on refugees from war and politics arranged by subject or country
- Its annual UNCHR Statistical Yearbook provides country data on refugees by origin or place of asylum
- Special chapter on the living conditions of refugees
World Bank: Poverty
- Standards for measuring poverty in Africa
- Its Indicators by Country give type of household head (single, monogamous or polygamous male, female), household expenditure, percent spent on food, household amenities (well v. pipe water, sanitation, fuel)

Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health
- Articles on pre-natal care and the gag rule (no funds for family planning which counsels abortion)
Alan Guttmacher Institute
- Use search engine and the term "africa" to find numerous articles on reproducive health
Reproductive Health (World Health Organization)
- Numerous reports and documents on maternal and newborn health, including statistics
- Family planning practices and female genital mutiliation (female circumcision)
- Prevention of unsale abortions, diseases
Sharing Responsibility: Women, Society and Abortion Worldwide (Alan Guttmacher Institute)
- Analysis of regional and some country practices on six before marriage, children per women, contraception used, abortion laws and rates of abortion
- Africa as a region and selected countries in Africa are included but hard data from all sources is sparse
- This is one of the most understandable reports on the internet
USAID: Family Planning
- Summarizes laws and the Reagan/Bush Mexico City Policy (gag rule) preventing foreign NGOs from using U.S. money to promote abortion
WHO Statistical Information System
- Choose individual countries in Africa for summary statistics or individual indicators for a worldwide comparison
- Data includes life expectancy, maternal and neonatal mortality, deaths of children, births by Casesarean section, contraception and condoms, births attended by a physician
World Abortion Policies (UN Population Information Network)
- Country data on abortion rates (circa 1996), fertility rates, and maternal deaths
- Chart with country policies on the legal grounds for abortion

Women

Women (NCPA)
- Articles on women in Africa, particularly their role in fighting AIDS
Amnesty International
- Annual country reports on human rights practices
- Multiple investigations for individual countries
- Search "women and africa"
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (UN)
- Analytical reports submitted by individual countries on their anti-discriminatory efforts against women
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
- State Department annual report on human rights violations in individual countries beginning 2001
- Each country report includes discrimination against women
Gender Concerns (UNICEF)
- Numerous reports on rights of women and children
- Online books cover AIDS, gender equity, female mutilation and education
Gender Empowerment Index
- Ranks countries on percent of women in professional, managerial, or Parliamentary positions as well as earned income
- Begins on p. 367 of the 2006 Human Development Report
United Nations Women's Programs (UNDCP)
- Links to UN conferences and committees promoting women's rights
University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
- International human rights treaties arranged by subject and searchable by keyword
- United States human rights laws, speeches, reports, and historical materials
- International refugee and asylum information
Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the 21st Century
- Web site of the Special UN General Assembly Session of June 2000, known as "Beijing +5"
- Progress and obstacles to women's progress in health, poverty, safety, education, economics
- Country reports from government and non-government sources
- Links to UN web sites on improving the status of women
Women's Human Rights Resources (Univ.Toronto)
- Treaties, conventions and web links to resources on women's rights around the world
- Subjects include education, genital mutiliation, girls, housing, health, marriage, slavery, and violence
- Carefully annotated
World's Women: 2000
- Country data on women's education, employment, mortality, AIDS, and marital status

Organizations Assisting Africa

Comprehensive

Charitable Foundations in Africa (NCPA)
- Articles and lists of charitable foundations in Africa
- Pro and con of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Global Health Council
- Membership organization of health-care professionals and organizations that include NGOs, foundations, corporations, government agencies and academic institutions
- Issues numerous periodicals and policy papers, particularly on AIDS and malaria
- News on recent U.S. and international legislation
Private Sector Partnerships for Better Health
- Database of 140 health projects run by the private sector
- Searchable by country or region, organization, and keyword
- Projects describe purpose, total funding, funding provided by individual organizations, and project's web site

Individual Charities

African Medical and Research Foundation
- Numerous articles on African health care
- Position paper on African health for the G8 Summit, held June 6-8, 2007 in Germany
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Provides grants to solve global health problems
- Current emphasis is on a vaccine for malaria
Doctors without Borders
- Pull down menus provide short reports on the treatment of diseases and medical aid provided to individual countries
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- Funds projects to tackle the three diseases around the world
- Its publications and annual reports note progress by country
Global Hunger Alliance
- International non-governmental organization
- Numerous reports on improving agriculture in third world countries
- Factory farming is a special concern
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
- Best known for disaster assistance but active in delivering health care for AIDS, TB, malaria and polio as well as some family planning involvement
President Clinton's AIDS Initiative
- Describes efforts to combat AIDS with affordable diagnostics and medicine
- Focus on children

Intergovernmental

African Development Bank
- Group finances energy, environmental, AIDS and governance projects in Africa
African Union
- Inter-governmental organization of individual African nations with meetings sponsored by the chiefs of state, a parliament and judiciary
- Numerous policy statements and treaties but difficult to find because no functioning search engine as of June 8, 2007
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- Primary sponsor of the World Food Programme
- Publishes a world hunger map, numerous statistics on food security, and statistics on various aspects of agriculture and aquaculture
- Search its Documents for agriculture technology reports in individual countries
G8 Summit, Heilingendamm, Germany, June 6-8, 2007
- Meeting of the leaders of the industrialized countries
- Its Growth and Responsibility in Africa outlines a summit conclusion on disease, economic development, and the pharmaceutical industry
UNAIDS
- Joint organization sponsored by the UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, UNDP, UNFPA, UNODOC, ILO, UNESCO, WHO and World Bank
- Its 2006 Report on the Global AIDS Academic (UNAIDS)
  - Appendices compare individual countries on domestic expenditures for AIDS, AIDS education, various treatment plans, AIDS orphans attending school
  - Country profiles provide same information for individual nations with additional information on life expectancy
  - Text describes prevention, testing, treatment, human rights and gender issues worldwide
UN Development Programme: Africa
- Regional and country news on democratic governance, poverty reduction, energy and environment, crisis prevention and AIDS
- It also issues the Human Development Report and Gender Empowerment Index
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
- The section on Africa lists the education action plans of individual African countries
- The Education section focuses on programs for early childhood, primary, secondary, higher, literacy, AIDS, and teacher education
- The Global Education for All Monitoring Report: 2007 has an analysis of education in Africa
- UNESCO Database has time series of education, culture, and communication statistics for regions and countries of the world
UN Habitat
- International organization promoting livable cities
- Use search box (water and africa) to find news articles on water and sanitation projects in Africa
United Nations High Commission on Refugees
- Numerous articles on refugees from war and politics arranged by subject or country
- Its annual UNCHR Statistical Yearbook provides country data on refugees by origin or place of asylum
- Special chapter on the living conditions of refugees
World Bank
- World Bank: Africa
  - In-depth reporting and numerous publications on development activities to relieve poverty in Africa
  - Themes include anti-corruption and its goals, HIV/AIDS, programs and some reasons for their failures, debt relief, energy, gender, water and sanitation
- World Bank E-Library (UMich Only)
  - Over 4500 searchable reports on worldwide development, including African economic, social and technical development
World Food Programme
- An arm of the United Nations and Food and Agriculture Organization for providing nutrition, particularly to women, children and those with AIDS
- Extensive web site has country reports on its projects
World Health Organization
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa
  - Country health profiles
  - News on the latest health initiatives in the region
  - WHO initiatives on infectious diseases, reproductive health, the environment, health administration, and preventive measures
- WHO Statistical Information System
  - Choose individual countries in Africa for summary statistics or individual indicators for a worldwide comparison
  - Data includes life expectancy, deaths of children due to individual diseases, immunizations, health habits, births by Casesarean section, contraception, health workers, hospital beds, government expenditure on health, literacy, cost of telephones, personal computers

United States Government

Comprehensive Directories and Indexes

Federal Agency Web Sites [http://www.lib.lsu.edu/gov/fedgov.html]
- Cleancut alphabetical listing of federal agency web sites
- Includes search engine
First.Gov [http://www.firstgov.gov/]
- Portal to federal government information
- Initial web page oriented toward the citizen-consumer with links to forms, consumer recalls, etc.
- Search engine indexes most government web sites
- A simple search of "search and seizure" netted over 3000 items
Google Government Search [http://www.google.com/ig/usgov]
- Web search engine devoted exclusively to sites with .gov and .mil extensions
- Excellent for federal policy papers
- Named Google UncleSam until it added news items for Washington, D.C. federal employees

Executive Branch

Foreign Aid

Foreign Aid (NCPA)
- Pro and con of medical aid, monetary aid, and tied assistance
Agencies
- HELP Commission
  - Established in 2003 to provide the President and Congress with recommendations on the more efficient and effective distribution to foreign aid to developing countries
- Peace Corps
  - Premier U.S. volunteer service agency to other countries
  - The Africa section provides details of volunteers and their projects in individual countries
- Permanent Mission to the United Nations [http://www.un.int/usa/]
  - Statements and speeches before the United Nations since January 1996
  - Arranged chronologically with identification of topic
  - Covers terrorism, war crimes, and the International Criminal Court
- State Department [http://www.state.gov/]
  - State Department speeches and foreign policy
  - Includes country reports on human rights and religious practices
- U.S. Agency for International Development
  - Primary U.S. government agency for delivery foreign aid
  - Global Health Section provides project information, funding and press releases on HIV/AIDS, Infectious Diseases, Nutrition, Family Planning, Environmental Health and Health Systems
  - Each health subsection has links to individual country programs
  - There are also links to all of the programs in Subsaharan Africa
Budgets
- Congressional Budget Office
  - Analyzes impact of various programs on the overall federal budget
  - Section on Medicare and prescription drugs
  - Some material on HIV/AIDS using the search engine
- Federal Budget FY 2008
  - Full text of budget and appendices in pdf format downloadable by chapter/agency
  - Use the Summary or the Overview by Agency for policy information
  - Also Historical Tables and Analytical Tables
  - Includes numerous spreadsheets in XLS format, among them Historical Tables and a state-by-state analysis
- FY 2008 Foreign Assistance Budget Request
  - U.S. Agency for International Development requests a 54% budget increase for Africa in FY2008
  - Very specific requests for Africa and its countries are on pages 163-315 of the 2008 edition
- President's HIV/AIDS Initiatives
  - On May 30, 2007 the President announced a $30 billion commitment to fight AIDS over a five-year period
  - Subsequent fact sheets provide details of the commitment and some information about malaria
  - The U.S. pledged $15 billion for five years in 2003
- U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants (USAID)
  - Create spreadsheets of funding for countries by program or program by country, 1946 to present
  - Also known as the "Green Book"
Publications
- Foreign assistance: U.S. anticorruption programs in sub-Saharan Africa will require time and commitment : report to the Subcommittee on African Affairs, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. 2004 United States.General Accounting Office GA 1.13:GAO-04-506 Online version
- Medical outreach : an instrument of U.S. diplomacy : hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, May 16, 2006. United States.Congress.House.Committee on International Relations.Subcommittee on Africa, Global Y 4.IN 8/16:M 46/2 Online version
- State, foreign operations, and related programs appropriations for fiscal year 2006 : hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, on H.R. 3057, an act making appropriations for foreign operations, export financing, and related programs for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2006, and for other purposes. United States.Congress.Senate.Committee on Appropriations.Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations. Y 4.AP 6/2:S.HRG.109-251 Online version
- U.S. International HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Spending: FY2004-2006 (Congressional Research Service)
  - Detailed summary of President's initiatives written for lawmakers
- General Accountability Office Reports to Congress
  - Numerous reports on improving efficiency in federal government programs
  - Search the web site with keyword to find inefficiencies in African assistance and the money that could be saved

President

President's HIV/AIDS Initiatives
- On May 30, 2007 the President announced a $30 billion commitment to fight AIDS over a five-year period
- Subsequent fact sheets provide details of the commitment and some information about malaria
- The U.S. pledged $15 billion for five years in 2003
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 1993+ [http://www.gpoaccess.gov/wcomp/index.html]
- Full text of Presidential executive orders, speeches, press conferences, names of nominees
- Phrases should be in parentheses and Boolean operators capitalized (e.g. "china" AND "most favored nation")
- Table of contents search (contents AND "july 28, 1997)
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States
- Public Papers of the President, 1992+ (GPO)
  - Presidential speeches and statements issued by the Office of the Press Secretary on an annual basis
  - Declarations, nominations, and executive orders
- Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, 1929-2000 (UMich)
  - Presidential speeches, executive orders, nominations and press releases for Herbert Hoover (1929-32) and Harry Truman (1945-1952) through Bill Clinton (1993-2000)
  - Official retrospective digitization project sponsored by the U.S. Government Printing Office
  - Initial page searches all volumes via Boolean logic
  - Other Searches includes Boolean and proximity searches for the author, title or citation
  - Browse by President and then use the title page or index to identify the pages you want to see
  - Pages available in image, pdf and text format
  - Although on-screen viewing is limited to page-by-page, you can add a volume to your bookbag and then download or email it to yourself
White House [http://www.whitehouse.gov/]
- Press releases, speeches and documents beginning January 2001 and updated daily
- Keyword searching only
- President Clinton's website is available through the National Archives [http://searchclinton.archives.gov/]

Legislative Branch

Publication	Definition	UMich Source	Public Access Source
Background Information	Identifies bills, keyplayers, politics of issue	Congressional Quarterly, 1983+ Congress Daily, 1991+ National Journal, 1977+ ProQuest	AllPolitics CRS Reports Google Uncle Sam
Bills	Proposed Legislation	Congressional Universe, 1989+ THOMAS, 1973+	THOMAS, 1973+
Hearings	Committee Testimony	Congressional Universe, 1789+ --Index, 1789+ --Full Text, 1988+	Legislative Sourcebook, 1995+ Selected full text
Committee Prints	Background Research	Congressional Universe, 1933+ --Index, 1933+ --Full Text, 1993+	Legislative Sourcebook, 1995+ Sometimes on committee web site
Committee Reports	Committee Recommendations	Congressional Universe, 1789+ --Index, 1789+ --Full Text, 1988+	GPO Access, 1995+
Congressional Record	Floor Debates	Congressional Universe, 1985+	THOMAS, 1993+,

Background
- Congress Daily (UMich Only) [http://nationaljournal.com/pubs/congressdaily/]
  - Full text of Hill news since 1991 and updated twice daily
  - Searchable by keyword and year
  - In Inside Washington section of Congressional Universe
- CQ Weekly Report (UMich Only) [http://library2.cqpress.com/cqweekly/]
  - Full text of CQ since 1983
  - Initial page boots up to current issue
  - Separate search engines for articles and roll call votes can be limited by year
  - Paper copy in Documents Center as JK 1.C12--Ref. with older issues in Graduate Library
  - Web subscription includes CQ Researcher which provides briefing reports on public policy issues
- Google's Uncle Sam [http://www.google.com/ig/usgov]
  - Indexes federal government web pages with a .gov and .mil extension
  - Great for obtaining statements by members of Congress and reports of the Executive Branch
- National Journal [http://nationaljournal.com/pubs/nj/index.htm]
  - Weekly periodical on government agencies; includes major legislative issues
  - Full text, 1977+,
  - Also in Graduate Library as JK 1.N28 with current issues in Documents Center--Docs.Ref.
- ProQuest
  - Index to over 2300 popular and scholarly journals since the mid-1980s
  - Full text of numerous journals since the 1990s
Bills
- Congressional Universe (UMich Only) [http://web.lexis-nexis.com/congcomp/]
  - Indexes bills since 1989 by subject, keyword, sponsor, and date
  - Provides the full text and legislative status
  - Also includes the full text of laws and regulations in force
- THOMAS [http://thomas.loc.gov/]
  - Indexes bills since 1993 by keyword, sponsor and date
  - Provides the full text and status
Committee Publications
- Includes hearings (testimony), committee prints (research reports), reports (recommendations on bills), and documents (Executive Branch communiques)
- Selected Hearings on Debate Topic
  
  African opinion on U.S. policies, values, and people : joint hearing before the Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight and the Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, March 28, 2007. United States.Congress.House.Committee on Foreign Affairs.Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight Y 4.F 76/1:AF 8/41 Online version.
  
  AIDS crisis in Africa : health care transmissions : hearing before the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions United States.Congress.Senate.Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. 2003 Y 4.L 11/4:S.HRG.108-34. Online version.
  
  AIDS orphans and vulnerable children in Africa : identifying the best practices for care, treatment, and prevention : hearing before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session, April 17, 2002. United States.Congress.House.Committee on International Relations Y 4.IN 8/16:AF 8/24 Online version
  
  Bilateral malaria assistance : progress and prognosis : hearing before the Federal Financial Management, Government Information, and International Security Subcommittee of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, January 19, 2006. United States.Congress.Senate.Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.Subcommitte Y 4.G 74/9:S.HRG.109-614 Online version
  
  Examining USAID's anti-malaria policies : hearing before the [Subcommittee on] Federal Financial Management, Government Information, and International Security of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, May 12, 2005. United States.Congress.Senate.Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.Subcommitte Y 4.G 74/9:S.HRG.109-139 Online version
  
  Fighting AIDS in Uganda : what went right? : hearing before the Subcommittee on African Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, May 19, 2003. United States.Congress.Senate.Committee on Foreign Relations.Subcommittee on African Affairs. Y 4.F 76/2:S.HRG.108-106 Online version
  
  Fighting HIV/AIDS in Africa : a progress report : hearing before the Subcommittee on African Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, April 7, 2004. United States.Congress.Senate.Committee on Foreign Relations.Subcommittee on African Affairs. Y 4.F 76/2:S.HRG.108-560. Online Version and Backup
  
  HIV/AIDS, TB, and Malaria: Combating a Global Pandemic, CIS-NO: 2003-H361-23, CIS-DATE: August, 2003, SOURCE: Committee on Energy and Commerce. House, DOC-TYPE: Hearing , DATE: Mar. 20, 2003, LENGTH: iii+63 p., SUDOC: Y4.C73/8:108-10, CIS/Index. Online Version and Backup Copy
  
  Hope for the future : developing an HIV/AIDS vaccine : hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, June 23, 2005. United States.Congress.Senate.Committee on Foreign Relations. Y 4.F 76/2:S.HRG.109-292 Online version
  
  Malaria and TB : implementing proven treatment and eradication methods : hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, April 26, 2005. United States.Congress.House.Committee on International Relations.Subcommittee on Africa, Global Y 4.IN 8/16:M 29/3 Online version
  
  Malaria and tuberculosis in Africa : hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, September 14, 2004. United States.Congress.House.Committee on International Relations.Subcommittee on Africa. Y 4.IN 8/16:M 29/2 Online version.
  
  Medical outreach : an instrument of U.S. diplomacy : hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, May 16, 2006. United States.Congress.House.Committee on International Relations.Subcommittee on Africa, Global Y 4.IN 8/16:M 46/2 Online version
  
  A moral imperative : Leader Frist's report on the HIV/AIDS Codel to Africa : joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Children and Families of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions United States.Congress.Senate.Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. 2004 Y 4.L 11/4:S.HRG.108-24. Online version and Backup.
  
  The role of faith-based organizations in United States programming in Africa : hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, September 28, 2006. United States.Congress.House.Committee on International Relations.Subcommittee on Africa, Global Y 4.IN 8/16:F 17/3 Online version
  
  Solutions to the problem of health care transmission of HIV/AIDS in Africa : hearing before the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session United States.Congress.Senate.Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. 2004 Y 4.L 11/4:S.HRG.108-294. Online version.
  
  State, foreign operations, and related programs appropriations for fiscal year 2006 : hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, on H.R. 3057, an act making appropriations for foreign operations, export financing, and related programs for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2006, and for other purposes. United States.Congress.Senate.Committee on Appropriations.Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations. Y 4.AP 6/2:S.HRG.109-251 Online version.
  
  The United States Government strategy for fighting HIV/AIDS : implementation of Public Law 108-25 : hearing before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, March 4, 2004. United States.Congress.House.Committee on International Relations Y 4.IN 8/16:G 74/2 Online version
  
  The U.S. response to East African famines and the future outlook for food aid in Africa : hearing before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, April 1, 2003 United States.Congress.House.Committee on International Relations Y 4.IN 8/16:F 21/4 Online version
  
  U.S. response to global AIDS crisis : a two-year review : hearing before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, April 13, 2005. United States.Congress.House.Committee on International Relations Y 4.IN 8/16:G 51/4 Online version
- Selected Reports on Debate Topic
  
  U.S. Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003, CIS-NO: 2003-H463-3, CIS-DATE: April, 2003, SOURCE: Committee on International Relations. House, DOC-TYPE: Report, DOC-NO: H. Rpt. 108-60, DATE: Apr. 7, 2003, LENGTH: 48 p., SUDOC: Y1.1/8:108-60. CIS/Index. Online Version
  
  United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2002 : report (to accompany S. 2525). United States.Congress.Senate.Committee on Foreign Relations. Y 1.1/5:107-206 Online version
- Lists and Indexes of Committee Publications
  - Congressional Universe (UMich Only) [http://web.lexis-nexis.com/congcomp/]
    - Indexes published hearings (1789+), committee prints (1933+), and reports (1789+) by subject, keyword, committee, and date
    - Provides an abstract of publications
    - All publications are located in the Documents Center under their microfiche number
    - Paper copies for 1995+ are generally located in the Documents Center under their SUDOCS number (begins with Y1 or y4) with some prior to that time in Buhr Storage
    - Includes the full text of selected testimony beginning 1988
  - Legislative Sourcebook (Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C.)
    - Treasures include establishing persistent links to THOMAS and GPO legislative documents and GAO reports
    - Table lists Congresses, 1789-1999, plus serial set volumes and Presidential Executive Orders
    - Excellent lists of House and Senate hearings on the web
  - MIRLYN
    - University of Michigan Library Catalog lists individual hearings by keyword in title since 2003
    - All hearings should be in the Documents Center in paper; many also will have a public access web link
  - Key Committees
    - House Committee on Appropriations
    - House Committee on Foreign Affairs
      - Hearings from GPO
    - House Committee on Education and the Work Force
      - Previously known as Committee on Education and Labor
    - Senate Commitee on Appropriations
    - Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
Congressional Record [Web]
- Congressional Universe (UMich Only) [http://www.lexis-nexis.com/congcomp/]
  - Indexes Congressional Record since 1985 by keyword, speaker, and date
  - Provides the full text
  - Located under Congressional Publications
- THOMAS [http://thomas.loc.gov]
  - Indexes speeches on the floor of Congress by subject, Member of Congress, and date since 1993

Health Care Issues in the United States

Budget

Budgets
- Congressional Budget Office
  - Analyzes impact of various programs on the overall federal budget
  - Section on Medicare
- FY 2008 Budget: Department of Health and Human Services
  - Proposes federal budget for health and cites new initiatives to handle rising costs
- Updated Analysis of the President's FY2008 Budget
  - Democrat analysis issued on February 5, 2007
  - Analyzes funds for U.S. health care and veterans' health care
- See also Budget under Foreign Aid section for comparisons

Health Insurance Coverage

Census Bureau
- Longitudinal and cross-sectional health insurance statistics by state and various socioeconomic characteristics
- Data covers 1987-2005
Kaiser Family Foundation
- Working papers on health care policy, HIV, media programs, reproductive health, and South Africa
- State reports on medicare, medicaid, and other health insurance coverage
- Expensive public opinion polls on health policy, morals, and politics
Medicare.Gov
- Describes the federal government Medicare and prescription drug programs
Medicaid
- Describes programs and drug coverage for people living in poverty
State Children's Health Insurance Program (HCFA)
- Provides grants to states for providing health insurance to poorer children under medicaid
- State statistics on enrollment
- Laws, regulations, and individual state plans
Uninsured in America (PBS News Hour)
- National survey results (pdf format) of public perceptions of the numbers and causes for people without health insurance coverage
- Surveys of the uninsured about the effects and problems they encounter
- Pop-up menus with a chronology of health insurance in America, individual state requirements for child health coverage, and the percent of non-elderly who are uninsured

Additional Resources

University of Michigan

University of Michigan High School Debate Institute [http://www.michigandebate.com/]
- Description of various debate programs, application forms and financial aid
- Outline of the issues, information for ordering the debate handbook
- Web resources
Undergraduate Library [http://www.lib.umich.edu/ugl/classes/debate/]
- Library resources, libraries on campus and debate hours

Internet Search Engines

Excite [http://www.excite.com/]
- Extremely fast index to the contents of web pages
Fast Search [http://www.alltheweb.com/]
- Fastest search engine on the web
- Links to over 2 million web pages
Google Uncle Sam Search [http://www.google.com/is/usgov]
- Fast search engine which indexes only .gov and .mil web sites
- Excellent for obtaining U.S. policy information

Research Guides

Searchpath Research Tutorial [http://www.lib.umich.edu/ugl/searchpath/]
- Web tutorial on finding books and journal articles as well as evaluating the web
- Citing sources
Political Science Reference Tools
- Dictionaries, biographies, maps, thesauri
Citation Guides
- Guides to citing online sources and government documents

Alex P. Watson, Documents Center Assistant
Grace York, Coordinator, Documents Center
University of Michigan Library Send suggestions to govdocs@umich.edu

http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/debate07.html

Since May 7, 2007 this page has been accessed

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