Below are images of the aquatic plants seen in lab, or those we are likely to see
during field trips. During the term, learn to associate the type of plant with the
habitat. Species in bold must know the common and scientific names and family.
Species denoted with * you also must be able to site-identify during lab.

    *Class Pelecypoda (clams and mussels)

Cyclonaias tuberculata, INHS 4078. Source of photo: http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu:80/chf/pub/mussel_man/cover.html
 - list with lots of mollusk links >>http://habanero.cb.uga.edu/GSC/images.html

Superclass Crustacea
    - head and thorax "fused" into a structure called a cephalothorax
    - two pairs of antennae
    - breath with gills

    Order Ostacoda - seed or clam shrimp
    - minute crustaceans with large head, its trunk reduced in size
    - bivalve calcareous carapace
    - almost all are free-living, both marine and freshwater forms

    *Order Amphipoda - scuds, side-swimmers

    - bilaterally compressed (narrow), look like tiny shrimp
    - head and first segment of thorax fused into a cephalothorax
    - seven free thoracic segments, with 2 pair of pleopods which beat to move water over the gills
    - small tail plate (telson)
    - active at night
    - benthic, primarily scavengers of fine detritus, or shredders
    - can be common, some species adapted adapted to subterranean environments
    - two common families in Michigan - Gammaridae, Hyalellidae

    *Order Isopoda - aquatic sowbugs, isopods

    - dorsoventrally compressed (flat)
    - head fused with first and second segment of thorax into a cephalothorax
    - seven other thoracic segments each with a pair of legs (pereopods)
    - four abdominal segments fused to tail plate (telson)
    - six pairs of abdominal legs (pleopods, and 6th uropods)
    - live just about everywhere and often where other things cannot
    - scavengers, hide in accumulated vegetative matter in rivers and lakes
    - one common family in Michigan - Asellidae

    Order Mysideacea - opossum shrimp
    - shrimp-like, with large carapace, and stalked eyes
    - live in deep lakes, often have dramatic cycles of diurnal vertical migration

    *Order Eucopepoda - copepods
    - mostly marine, but significant numbers of species that are freshwater
    - immature copepods called "nauplius"
    - cylindrical shape, narrow abdomen, often conspicuous as females often are seen carrying egg sacs
    - laterally compressed, with a single folded carapace
    - very small (usually <0.5-2.0mm), noticeably segmented bogy with numerous appendages on head
      and thorax, and setose caudal rami on posterior end of abdomen
    - filter feeders, feed on organic detritus and other smaller animals; some species parasitic on fish
    - of the free-swimming species, three important suborders:
            - Calanoida, planktonic species with long antennae, filter feeders - dominant freshwater group
            - Cyclopoida, littoral species with short antennae
            - Harpacticoida, littoral species with very short antennae (largely a marine group)

    *Order Cladocera - water fleas

    - laterally compressed (narrow), with a single folded carapace open at the bottom, doesn't cover head
    - 5-6 pairs of legs
    - antennae (biramous Y-shaped) chief locomotive organ
    - primary consumers, visual predators, majority feed on algae and cyanobacteria, use their legs to filter feed
    - often an important link in aquatic food chains, widely preyed upon by insects and fish
    - soon responds to increases in productivity with turnover events
    - reproduction parthenogenetic, males produced in spring in response to crowding
    - populations with diel vertical migration, staying at depths during the day, rising to near the surface at night
      to feed
    - found in most still water, planktonic in lakes, in weedy lake margins, a few in bogs, along lake bottoms
      or in the mud

    *Order Anostracea - fairy shrimp
    - elongated trunk
    - many paired appendages, swims on back
    - stalked, compound eyes
    - carapace absent

    *Order Decapoda - crayfish and freshwater shrimp

    - diverse marine and freshwater order, some individuals attain the largest size of any of our crustaceans
    - most freshwater decapods inhabit shallow lentic and lotic waters, also some inhabit terrestrial burrows
      that lead to groundwater, and some are subterranean (caves)
    - head and thorax combined into a very prominent cephalothorax, which often has an anterior, elongated
      projection (rostrum)
    - feathery gills in a gill chamber underneath the legs
    - females carry eggs on pleopods
    - several types of crayfish borrow into the ground, making chimneys (response to drought)
    - largely nocturnal, omnivorous feeding

            Family - Cambaridae - crayfish
            - body cylindrical
            - appendages modified
                    - 2 pairs of antennae
                    - 5 pair of legs used for walking and food handling (1st 3 are chelate, 1st a large forcept)
                    - 5 pair of pleopods on abdomen

            Family - Palaemonidae - freshwater shrimp
            - body laterally compressed (narrow)
            - first 2 paris of legs are chelate, the rest are adapted for swimming
            - generally found in macrophyte-rich littoral zones of lakes or similarly macrophyte-chocked sections
              of rivers and streams

    *Class and Order Collembola - springtails, snow fleas
    *Class Insecta - true insects
        *Division and Order Ephemeroptera - mayflies
       *Division and Order Odonata - dragon- and damselflies
        Division Neoptera - insects that fold wings behind back
           *Order Plecoptera - stoneflies
           *Superorder Hemiptera (true bugs) - Order Heteroptera
          Endopterygota
            Order Neuroptera - spongillaflies
           *Order Megaloptera - dobson- and alderflies
           *Order Coleoptera - beetles
           *Order Trichoptera - caddisflies
            Order Lepidoptera - moths and butterflies
           *Order Diptera - true flies

    Class "Agnatha" - jawless fish (lampreys, hagfishes)
                 *Family Petromyzontidae - lampreys
    Class Osteichthyes - bony fishes
            Order Lepisosteiformes (gars)
                 Family Lepisosteidae - gars
             Order Amiiformes (bowfins)
                 Family Amiidae - bowfins
             Order Clupeiformes (herring-like fishes)
                 *Family Salmonidae - trouts and salmon
                 Family Umbridae - mudminnows
                 *Family Esocidae - pikes
             Order Cypriniformes - minnows, suckers, catfishes
                 *Family Cyprinidae - minnows and carps
                 *Family Catostomatidae - suckers
                 *Family Ictaluridae - catfishes, madtoms
             Order Perciformes - perches, sunfishes, sculpins
                *Family Percidae - perches and darters
                *Family Centrarchidae - sunfishes and bass
                *Family Cottidae - sculpin
                 Family Gasterosteidae - sticklebacks

    Class Amphibia - frogs and toads, salamanders and newts, caecilians