Segment angle. The angle of the right forearm was analyzed for both the underhand and the overhand pull-up. The overhand pull-up had a greater range of motion progressing from 0 degrees to -27 degrees. The maximum angle occurred at the end of the pull-up, and the minimum angle occurred at the top of the upward phase of the pull-up. The underhand pull-up ranged from 2 degrees to -17 degrees. The range of motion was 19 degrees. The maximum angle occurred near the beginning of the pull-up (11% of total time). The minimum angle occurred at the end of the downward phase of the pull-up.
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Figure 3. Right forearm angle during the overhand pull-up (left) and the underhand (right). The segment angle was measured as an absolute angle. The angle was measured counterclockwise from a vertical axis through the elbow joint to the forearm segment. | |
Segment velocity. The maximum forearm velocity was greater in the underhand pull-up reaching a maximum velocity of 121 degrees per second. The maximum forearm velocity for the overhand pull-up was 61 degrees per second. Maximum angular velocity was reached during the downward phase for both movements. For the overhand pullup, forearm reached a maximum angular velocity when the pullup was 56% complete while the minimum angular velocity was achieved at 12% of the total time. For the underhand pullup the forearm reached a maximum angular velocity when the pullup was 52% complete and a minimum angular velocity when the pullup was 56% complete.
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Figure 4. Right forearm angle in the overhand (left) and the underhand (right) pull-up movement. Positive velocity values represent upward angular velocity. | |
Joint angle1. The elbow angle in the underhand pull-up had a slightly larger range of motion (140 degrees) than the overhand pull-up (135 degrees). The elbow flexed during the upward phase of both pullups. Peak flexion (24 deg) in the overhand pullup occurred when the pullup was 36% complete. Peak flexion (22 deg) in the underhand pullup occurred when the pullup was 50% complete.
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Figure 5. Elbow angle in the overhand (left) and the underhand (right) movement. 180 degrees represents the anatomical position. Flexion is indicated by values less than 180. 180 degrees represents full extension. | |
Joint angle 2. The shoulder angle range of motion was greater during the underhand pullup (122 deg) than the overhand pullup (99 deg). The maximum abduction of the shoulder angle for both movements was reached at the end of the pullup. For the overhand pullup the maximum adduction was achieved when the pullup was 36% complete. For the underhand pullup the peak adduction was achieved when the pullup was 54% complete.
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Figure 6. The shoulder angle in the overhand (left) and the underhand (right) pull-ups. The angle of zero degrees corresponds to abduction. Adduction is represented by an angle less than zero degrees, abduction is an angle greater than zero degrees. | |
Angle-Angle Plot. Shoulder angle and elbow angle were coordinated in both pullups. Adduction of the shoulder was coordinated with flexion of the elbow. Abduction of the shoulder was coordinated with extension of the elbow. The upward phase of the pullup consisted of elbow flexion and shoulder adduction. The downward phase of the pullup consisted of elbow extension and shoulder abduction.
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Figure 7. Coordination of elbow and shoulder joint angles in the underhand (right) and overhand (left) pull-up movements. The arrows indicate the upward direction of the movement. The tail of the arrow is the starting point of the pull-up. | |
