Segment angle. Motion of the trunk was similar in horizontal and inclined jogging. The maximum anterior trunk angle for both motions was 9 degrees, and the maximum posterior angles were similar between motions. The maximum posterior trunk angle for running on a horizontal and an inclined plane were -10 degrees and -14 degrees, respectively. This resulted in a range of motion of 19 degrees for running on a horizontal plane and 24 degrees while running on an inclined plane.
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Figure 3. Trunk angle while running on a horizontal plane (left) and on an inclined plane (right). This angle is measured in the sagittal plane with respect to the longitudinal axis. Positive angles are measured when the trunk is leaning back, indicating clockwise rotation and negative angles are measured when the trunk is leaning forward, indicating counter-clockwise rotation. | |
Joint angle 1. Knee angles were similar between the two motions. The knee experienced a maximum flexion angle of 105 degrees while running on a horizontal plane and 94 degrees while running on an inclined plane. The maximum extension knee angles were 176 degrees while running on a horizontal plane and 171 degrees while running on an inclined plane. This resulted in a range of motion of 71 degrees when running on a horizontal plane and range of motion of 77 degrees when running on an inclined plane.
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Figure 4. Knee angle while running on a horizontal plane (left) and on an inclined plane (right). This angle is measured clockwise from the upper to the lower leg in the sagittal plane, resulting in angles less than 180 degrees. Increasing values indicate extension, while decreasing values indicate flexion. | |
Joint angle 2. Hip angle is the charactersitic that showed significant difference between the two types of jogging. The hip flexed significantly more during the inclined jog which resulted in a greater range of motion. The maximum hip extension angle while running on a horizontal plane was 188 degrees and the maximum hip angle while running on an inclined plane was 190 degrees. The maximum hip flexion angles were 163 degrees while running on a horizontal plane and 154 degrees while running on an inclined plane. This resulted in a range of motion of 25 degrees when running on a horizontal plane and a range of 36 degrees when running on an inclined plane.
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Figure 5. Hip angle while running on a horizontal plane (left) and while running on an inclined plane (right). This angle is measured counter-clockwise between the trunk segment and the upper leg segment in the sagittal plane. Increasing angles represent hip extension while decreasing angles represent hip flexion. | |
Joint velocity. The maximum knee angular velocity while running on a horizontal plane was 389 degrees/second and -457 degrees/second while running on an inclined plane. The minimum knee angular velocity while running on a horizontal and an inclined plane were -478 degrees/second and -456 degrees/second respectively. The maximum angular velocities represent peak flexion while the minimum velocities represent extension.
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Figure 6. Knee angular velocity while running on a horizontal plane (left) and while running on an inclined plane (right). Positive velocity values result when the knee experiences flexion and negative velocities represent knee extension. | |
Angle-Angle Plot. From the graph it is apparent that there is a negative correlation between the knee and hip angles which is displayed in the left to right downward slope. This indicates that as the knee angle increases, the hip angle decreases. Also there is a larger range in the knee angle when running on an inclined plane when compared to running on a horizontal plane.
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Figure 7. Coordination of knee and hip angles while running on a horizontal plane (left) and while running on an inclined plane (right). The arrows indicate the initial direction of motion. | |
