Psych 345:  Human Neuropsychology  -  Winter 2000
Study Guide for Exam I*
(* to be used in conjunction with material from lectures, readings and discussion sections)

major parts of the neuron and types of neurons
basics of neural activity: resting potential, depolarization, action potential, ion gates, myelin 
forebrain, midbrain,  hindbrain and major parts of each
4 major lobes in each hemisphere:  frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital 
types of brain damage: atrophy, focal lesion, infarct
definitions of aphasia, apraxia, 
clinical vs. research agendas
research methods of neuropsychology
phrenology- its basic tenets, founders of, problems with
Broca’s and Wernicke’s cases and their importance
cerebral dominance
meninges:  (1)  dura mater  (2)  arachnoid membrane  (3)  pia mater
cerebral spinal fluid, ventricles,  neurons, glia and their functions, myelin (functions and disorders of)
directional terms: anterior / posterior (rostral/caudal); dorsal/ventral; lateral/medial
	bilateral/unilateral/contralateral
Planes of section (coronal, horizontal/transaxial, saggital)
fissure (e.g. longitudinal, calcarine, lateral (Sylvian)), sulcus (e.g. central sulcus), gyrus (e.g. pre- and post-central)
primary, secondary, association cortex
cognitive neuroscience methods:  neuroanatomical (histology), neurophysiological (electrical stimulation, single-unit recordings), experimental lesions, neurology (structural brain imaging with CT and MRI), PET, fMRI, ERPs
basics of neuropsychological testing: tests of general intellectual ability (i.e., WAIS), and how they relate to tests of executive function, memory, and premorbid abilities
Posner’s categorization experiment, findings, and implications
cytoarchitecture/cytoarchitectonic map (Brodmann's map)
projection maps, retinotopic map, cortical magnification
Penfield's specification of the somatotopic and motor maps:  homunculus
Effects of “nurture” on the somatotopic maps
Auditory processing areas in the Temporal lobe
decussation, optic nerve, chiasm, tract, LGN, optic radiations, geniculostriate pathway
primary visual cortex (area 17 or striate cortex, V1)
nasal and temporal hemiretinas, visual field (nasal/temporal), hemifield
fovea versus peripheral field
perimetry, monocular, binocular
anopia, quadranopsia, homonymous hemianopia, scotoma
effects of lesions on the visual system
blindsight, residual vision, and its implications
saccade, saccadic localization study of blindsight by Poppel, Held, & Frost
brain pathways (retinotectal & tectopulvinar) thought to mediate blindsight
cortical islands hypothesis and the evidence for it
encephalization
superior colliculus, tectum
Ungerleider & Mishkin's study of the dorsal & ventral visual pathways
receptive field, m and p  retinal ganglion cells and their properties
manocellular/parvocellular pathways; cytochrome oxidase reveals blobs/interblobs
double dissociation (know the logic of this method)
attribute-specific deficits: achromatopsia, akinetopsia
extrastriate cortex:  areas 18 [V2 & V3] and 19 [V4 & V5 (MT)] 
PET evidence for functional activation of attribute specific regions
Visual search experiments, findings, and implications (Treisman)
Gestalt grouping principles
Grandmother cell versus ensemble hypothesis
Stages of object recognition and explantions of visual agnosic deficits
evidence for face-specific processor (e.g. Case CK, face inversion effect of Yin)
covert recognition, electrodermal response/ Guilty Knowledge Test
prosopagnosia
pure alexia/ letter-by-letter reading
double dissociation of pure alexia and face processing:  theoretical implications for two processors (Farah’s theory of visual recognition)
What vs. how distinction (Goodale and Milner)
importance of hand orientation as evidence for object processing (posting task)
hemispheric differences in parietal lobe functions 
symptoms of parietal lobe damage, including apraxia, astereognosis, autotopagnosia, Gerstmann’s syndrome
syndrome, fractionation
Balint's syndrome, gaze apraxia, optic ataxia, simultanagnosia, spatial disorientation
anosagnosia
allesthesia
extinction
Brodmann's Areas 7, 40
release sign; positive symptom
unilateral neglect; theories of:  Disorder of space representation (Bisiach & colleagues); 
Attentional orienting model (Kinsbourne)
Top-down processing, early versus late selection
Selective attention effects in V4 (Moran and Desimone results)
Selective attention effects in Superior Colliculus, and Parietal cells (monkey studies by Wurtz et al.)
Cueing study by Posner & colleagues, evidence for disengagement deficit
PET evidence for attention shifting network
covert versus overt orienting
Biasing effects of target placement on neglect patients performing visual search tasks
frontal eye fields and direction of gaze, gaze paralysis
reference frames-- retinotopic, hemispatial, object-centered (Berhmann & Tipper,1994),
 environmental/gravitational
Bisiach's imagery study and clouds-behind slit study