Cases in which the reliability analysis indicates that the variable did not
measure the same things that other variable measured.
Cases in which the respondents gave a very extreme score>outlier
Cases in which the respondents did not understand the instruction or wasn’t
able to perform the task
Cases in which the scores that are more than 3 standard deviation above or
below the variable’s mean.
Cases in which you use reverse-score, or you have skewed data
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