Conidae species from French Polynesia. Species names in bold are endemic to French Polynesia. Distribution of species in different regions of French Polynesia, diet type, and IUCN status based on assessments in 2011 are indicated. Wealth in collections, Polynesian field wealth, ease of collection, and easiest sampling islands are also indicated based on observations of Jean Letourneux and Robert Gourguet (red text), and Bernard Salvat (black text). Information about minimum pelagic periods (length of time that larvae are planktonic before settling) is reported from Kohn and Perron (1994) (values without brackets were measured, those in brackets are estimates). Information regarding habitats where species occur and habits of species is reported from sources as indicated. Some of these data were assembled by Bernard Salvat as reported by Richard & Rabiller 2021. Abbreviations used: M=Marquesas, T=Tuamotu Islands, S=Society Islands, A=Austral Islands, G=Gambier Islands; M=molluscivory, P=piscivory, V=vermivory; LC=Least Concern, DD=Data Deficient, NT=Near Threatened, n/a=not applicable (due to description of species after date of assessment or species was not recognized as valid during assessment).
Conidae species with link to taxon details in WoRMS	Distribution	Diet	IUCN status	Wealth in collections	Polynesian fields wealth	Ease of collection	Easiest sampling islands	Minimum pelagic period, d	Habitat and Habits
Conasprella aphrodite (Petuch, 1979)	TS	V	LC	not present	?	very difficult			"In 120-380 m." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conasprella baileyi (Röckel & da Motta, 1979)	TS	V	LC	not present	?	very difficult			"In Solomon Is., in 100-150 m, in rubble and sand. In New Caledonia and Loyalty Is, in 120-390 m (Richard, pers. comm., 1991)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conasprella dieteri (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008)	M	V	DD	not present	?	very difficult	Marquesas		100-300 m (lv) [Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet 2008]
Conasprella eugrammata (Bartsch & Rehder, 1943)	T	V	LC	not present	doubtful presence		Tuamotu		"In 35-500 m." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conasprella fijiensis Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008	S	V	LC	not present	identification uncertain	?	Society		"A bathyal species, dredged between 80 to 120 m in the Fiji Islands." 300-900 m [Richard & Rabiller 2013]
Conasprella kimioi (Habe, 1965)	S	V	LC	not present	?	very difficult	Society		"In 120- 250 m." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conasprella orbignyi (Audouin, 1831)	S	V	LC	not present	?	very difficult	Society		"C. o. orbignyi in 50-400 m; C. o. elokismenos in 270-310 m in mud (Kilburn, 1973); C. o. coriolisi in 150-550 m (Richard, pers. comm., 1991)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conasprella paumotu Rabiller & Richard, 2014	TS	V	n/a	not present	?	very difficult			"The species is at present known from the Society Archipelago (island of Huahine) and from the Tuamotu Archipelago (Kaukura, Makatea and Niau atolls), collected only dead in depths going from 326 down to 831 meters. Since no similar material could be traced out of littoral or sublittoral zones along 40 years of research in French Polynesia, we assume it is a species the bathymetry of which should be clearly situated along the bathyal level, like is the sister species Conus hivanus Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008, from the Marquesas Islands. However we have to mention the data of paratype 7 was commonicated to us with uncertainties as coming from the Philippines islands. This needs more investigation and a secure confirmation to determinate if a range extension so westward is justified. For now, the species is considered endemic of French Polynesia." [Richard & Rabiller 2014]
Conasprella pepeiu (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008)	M	V	DD	not present	?	very difficult	Marquesas		160-350 m (lv) [Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet 2008]
Conasprella tiki (Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008)	MT	V	LC	not present	?	very difficult			280-320 m (lv) [Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet 2008]
Conasprella tirardi Röckel & Moolenbeek, 1996	TS	V	DD	not present	?	very difficult			Description based on dead collected specimen from New Caledonia. Specimens from Pitcairn resemble described species and considered as Conus verhoefi, but never formally described. Other specimens that may represent the species were collected previously (by Tirard in the 1980s) "between 60 and 80 m outside the main reef" in New Caledonia. [Röckel & Moolenbeek 1996]
Conus acutangulus Lamarck, 1810	MTS	V	LC	very rare	exceptional	very difficult	Society		"Usually in 3-100 m, adults sometimes in 0.5-5 m, juveniles sometimes as deep as 180 m. On coral or shell sand often mixed with coral rubble, on muddy sand and on fine shell rubble with seaweed (Fainzilber, 1985; Fainzilber & Mienis, 1986; Fainzilber et al., 1992; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus adamsonii Broderip, 1836	MTSA	P	LC	very rare	exceptional	extremely difficult	Marquesas (Austral instead)		"Intertidal to 60 m, on seeward sides of coral reefs and in lagoons, on large stretches or small pockets of sand (Hart, 1992)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus aito Rabiller & Richard, 2014	TS	V	n/a	not present	?	very difficult			"The species is at present known from the Society Archipelago (island of Tahiti) and from the Tuamotu Archipelago (Kaukura, Tikehau and Niau atolls), collected only dead in depths going from 300 down to 650 meters. Since no similar material could be traced out of littoral or sublittoral zones along 40 years of research in French Polynesia, we assume it is a species the bathymetry of which should be clearly situated along the bathyal level. This opinion is reinforced by the fact that the whole congener species inhabits this bathymetric level." [Richard & Rabiller 2014]
Conus arenatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	TS	V	LC	very rare	very rare	easy	Society		"Intertidal to about 30 m, living almost exclusively in sand. Mainly on wide stretches of sand on intertidal to shallow-subtidal reef flats; occasionally also in rubble mixed with sand, in mud among mangroves or on heterogeneous reef substrate (Kohn, 1961a/1968; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Cernohorsky, 1964/1978; Sharabati, 1984). C. arenatus feeds on polychaetes of the families Capitellidae, Maldanidae, Nereidae and Eunicidae. Melo amphora Lightfoot is known to prey on C. arenatus (Kohn, 1968; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Loch, pers. comm., 1987)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus aristophanes Sowerby II, 1857	TSA	V	n/a	common	common	easy	Society	[25]	Habitat similar to C. coronatus at other sites in IWP. Diet: errant polychaetes (eunicids) [Duda, personal observation]
Conus aulicus Linnaeus, 1758	TS	M	LC	very rare	exceptional	never found alive	Tuamotu	[12]	"In 1-30 m; on reef flats and coral reefs near dead and living corals, sand substrates or sometimes coral rubble. The habitat of C. aulicus is shared with C. textile, C. canonicus, C. miles, C. maldivus and C. geographus (Lorenz, pers. comm., 1990, 1993). Specimens described as C. gracianus are reported from greater depths at the offshore fringes of the "Grand Récif" at Tuléar (da Motta & Blöcher, 1982). C. aulicus feeds on other gastropods but reportedly preys also on small fishes (Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). In the E. Indian Ocean, egg diameter of 326 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of about 13 days (Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus auratinus da Motta, 1982	MTSA	M	LC	very rare	very rare	very difficult	Tuamotu		"Shallow subtidal. In Marshall Is., C. auratinus in 13-18 m on lagoon pinnacles and at the ocean-side of coral reefs, in caves and coral rubble." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus aureus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	MTS	M	LC	very rare	very rare	very difficult	Society - Tuamotu		"C. a. aureus in 3-30 m on coral reef, in coral rubble and beneath coral rocks; C. a. paulucciae in 30-50 m in sand or coral rubble." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus auricomus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	MTS	M	DD	very rare	very rare	very difficult	Society - tuamotu		"In 3-40 m; on coral reefs, on sand slopes, in sand pockets and in caves." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus bandanus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	MTSAG	M	LC	quite rare	quite rare	difficult	Society - Tuamotu	10 [15]	"Shallow subtidal to 90 m (Hawaii: Kohn & Weaver, 1962), mostly encountered in 5-20 m. On coral reef, in reef lagoons; in sand, on weedy sand, rocks, and rubble. Animals active at night (New Caledonia; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). C. bandanus feeds on gastropods, including congeners (Hawaii; Kohn, 1959b). Egg diameter varies from 299 fm (Palau) to 355 fm (Hawaii) suggesting a minimum pelagic period of 10-15 days (Perron, 1981a,b,c; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus betulinus Linnaeus, 1758	M	V	LC	not present	doubtful presence		Marquesas		"Intertidal to about 50 m; in sheltered bays and on reefs, inhabiting sand pockets, sand flats and muddy sand. Typical form lives mostly above 20 m; form zulu is reported from 30-50 m (Petuch, 1979). C. betulinus probably feeds on worms (Kohn, 1978)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus boutetorum Richard & Rabiller, 2013	TS	V	n/a	very rare	very rare	very difficult	Tuamotu		"A living specimen was observed at 30 m on the outer slope of Takapoto Atoll (King George’s group, Tuamotu Islands), creeping along a massive Porites (Scleractinia), bottom of the spur-and-furrow zone and three dead shells have been collected at a depth of 60 m. This suggests that C. boutetorum should belong to the lower sloping platform fauna in the coral reef complex." [Richard & Rabiller 2013]
Conus bullatus Linnaeus, 1758	MTSG	P	LC	quite rare	quite rare	difficult	Marquesas - Society		"Intertidal to about 240 m, most common from slightly subtidal to 50 m; on muddy sand, coral rubble and gravel, often beneath dead coral rocks, outside and inside the reef. Form pongo reported from slightly subtidal to about 20 m. Common form of C. bullatus known to feed on fishes and mollusks after nightfall and to be preyed upon by skates and stingrays as well as molluscivorous Conidae (McDowall, 1974)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus canonicus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	MTSA	M	LC	common	somewhat common	easy	Tuamotu - Society	[17-21]	"Intertidal and uppermost subtidal; on subtidal coral reef flats, in sand under coral rocks, in coral rubble with or without sand and on limestone pavement, often close to living corals (Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Chaberman, pers. comm., 1981; Richards, pers. comm., 1989; Lorenz, pers. comm., 1993). C. canonicus feeds on gastropods; venom toxic to molluscs but not to small mammals, fishes and polychaete worms (Endean & Rudkin, 1965; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975). Spawn of about 50 egg capsules deposited on the underside of rocks in about 1 m or near the reef crest. Capsules of 11-20 x 8.5-15 mm affixed to the substratum as well as to previously laid capsules; each containing 500-1,500 eggs. Egg diameter of 230-260 µm predicting a minimum pelagic period of 21-18 days (Kohn, 1961b, listed there as "C. textile"; Perron & Kohn, 1985; Loch, pers. comm., 1987; Kohn & Perron, 1994)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus catus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	TSAG	P	LC	very common	common	easy	Tuamotu	[20-23]	"Intertidal to about 20 m; in protected and exposed sites on benches, rocky shores and subtidal coral reef flats, occupying crevices, pockets or patches of sand with or without vegetation, bare limestone, algal turf and coral rubble. On intertidal benches, the peak density of animals is found halfway across the habitat (Kohn, 1959a, b, 1960, 1978a; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975: Cernohorsky, 1964; Huish, 1978; Kay, 1979; Estival, I981 ; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989). Form nigropunctatus on coral reefs on sand bottom near coral rubble or buried amongst eel-grass roots (Sharabati, 1984; Fainzilber et al., 1992). Form morrisoni reported in 3-5 m, in channels on coarse sand and rubble among live coral (G. Raybaudi, 1991). Typical form of C. catus and form nigropunctatus feed on small fishes. The venom is toxic to fishes and small mammals but has no effects on invertebrates; it may be dangerous to man (Kohn, 1959b; Endean & Rudkin, 1963: Fainzilber et al., 1992). Egg capsules with a tall stalk. In Hawaii, capsules of 10- 12 x 8.5- 10 mm contain an average of 1,650 eggs. Egg diameter is 220 µm in Hawaii, 231 µm in Palau and 241 µm in the E. Indian Ocean, suggesting minimal pelagic periods of 22, 20 or 19 days (Kohn, 1961a; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus chaldaeus (Röding, 1798)	MTSAG	V	LC	common	common	easy	PF	[25]	"On intertidal benches, less frequently on slightly subtidal reef platforms; often close to the seaward edge of its habitat. C. chaldaeus lives on sand, beachrock, and truncated reef limestone with or without a thin layer of sand or algal turf, in coral rubble with or without sand and on dead coral heads or rocks (Cernohorsky, 1964; Kohn, 1959b/1966/1968; Kohn & Orians, 1962; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Leviten & Kohn, 1980; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989). C. chaldaeus is known to feed on errant polychaetes of the families Nereidae and Eunicidae; diet composition varies with habitat. On reef platforms when suitable nereid species become rarer, it may shift to a single eunicid species (Palola siciliensis). In the latter case, it eats worms of the same species as C. ebraeus and C. miles but captures them in a different habitat (Kohn & Orians, 1962; Kohn, 1959b, 1966, 1968; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Leviten & Kohn, 1980; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus chiangi (Azuma, 1972)	TS	V	LC	not present	?	very difficult			"In 200-400 m, on dead coral and rubble." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus circumcisus Born, 1778	TS	P	LC	doubtful presence					"In 4-200 m; in sand, coral rubble, clefts of coral reefs or on lagoon pinnacles, beneath dead coral rocks; also reported on shipwrecks and steep cliffs of the fore-reef (Papua New Guinea; Chaberman, pers. comm., 1981; Richards, pers. comm., 1988)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus coffeae Gmelin, 1791	TS	V	LC	present as C. scabriusculus	locally common	easy	Tuamotu	[21]	"In 2 to about 30 m. In Fiji, in and under corals as well as on sand. In New Caledonia, mostly on dead coral on reef flats in 2-15 m (Cemohorsky, 1964; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). At Hansa Bay, Papua New Guinea, it is an uncommon species on moderately deep fore-reefs (Chaberman, pers. comm., 1981). C. coffeae is vermivorous, feeding on Eunicidae in the E. Indian Ocean (Kohn & Nybakken, 1975). The egg diameter is 222 µm in Palau, predicting a minimum planktonic period of 22 days (Perron and Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus conco Puillandre, Stöcklin, Favreau, Bianchi, Perret, Rivasseau, Limpalaër, Monnier & Bouchet, 2015	M	V	n/a	somewhat common	somewhat common	more or less difficult	Marquesas		"It has been collected under stones in 8 meters in Tahuata and in crevices between 15 and 30 m in Nuku Hiva (Alain Gaspard, pers. comm.)." [Puillandre et al. 2015]
Conus coronatus Gmelin, 1791	MTSAG	V	LC	common	common	easy	Society	[24-27]	"Intertidal to about 10 m, at protected or exposed sites. In southern Africa, usually occurs in the middle part of the intertidal zone, living in or on sand pockets, sand- filled crevices and in sand along edges of rocks as well as among sea- weeds and oysters; reported to favour semi-sheltered or sheltered habitats (Kilburn & Rippey, 1982; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989). In the Red Sea, it lives on the inner reef flat among rocks and boulders (Sharabati, 1984). In India, intertidally on rough limestone benches and in or on rubble or coarse sand beneath or near coral rocks (Kohn, 1978a); in Sri Lanka, both intertidally and slightly subtidally on reef flats inhabiting the same microhabitats as in India and additionally bare coral rocks with or without algal turf (Kohn, 1960). On intertidal reefs in Thailand and Indonesia, in sand-filled depressions, large areas of sand, and on bare limestone pavement (Kohn & Nybakken, 1975). Data from intertidal reef rock benches of the Seychelles, E. Australia and Micronesia indicate a similar selection of microhabitats as in the areas mentioned above (Leviten & Kohn, 1980). In New Caledonia, coral between 1-3 m is the main microhabitat (Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). In the Maldive and Chagos Archipelagoes, it occurs on intertidal limestone benches as well as on subtidal reef flats (Kohn, 1968b; Leviten & Kohn, 1980). According to Lewis (1979), the typical form of C. coronatus in Fiji lives on moderately coarse sand near the edge of the reef; form aristophanes (see below) usually occurs farther inshore on finer sand and mudflats. The two forms overlap only slightly in habitat. Findings from the Philippines indicate a similar conchological and ecological separation. C. coronatus feeds mainly on errant polychaetes (Eunicidae, Glyceridae, Nereidae), rarely consuming sedentary species (Capitellidae). Egg capsules are deposited singly or in short rows of 3 - 10 on the underside of coral or limestone rocks. Collective clusters may be made by several females. Capsules more or less quadrangular with a short stalk and a small basal plate, measuring 4.5-12.5 x 4.0-11.0 mm. Number of capsules per capsule mass is 14-83, number of eggs per capsule mass 25,000-52,000 and number of eggs per capsule 330-3,000. Egg diameter of 150-180 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of about 28-25 days (Kohn, 1961b; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus cylindraceus Broderip & Sowerby I, 1830	MTSG	V	LC	somewhat common	somewhat common	difficult	Tuamotu		"In 1-25 m, in coral rubble and on sand under corals." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus darkini Röckel, Korn & Richard, 1993	S	V	LC	not present	?	very difficult	Society		"Deep subtidal. Kita-koho area: In about 325 m (Darkin, pers. comm., 1991); Balut Id.: In 280-300 m on rocky and muddy bottom (Guillot de Suduiraut, pers. comm., 1992); Loyalty Is.: In 575 m (holotype) and in 480 m (paratype 1)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus distans Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	MTSG	V	LC	somewhat common	somewhat common	easy	Society	[28]	"Intertidal and upper subtidal; juveniles in greater depths. In Hawaii, C. distans inhabits intertidal benches and subtidal coral reef platforms, more frequently in the latter habitat, where it occurs epifaunally in outer areas exposed to surf action (Kohn, 1959b; Kay, 1979). In Fiji, it lives on patches of sand among weed (Cernohorsky, 1964). Tirard (pers. comm., 1989) reports C. distans from New Caledonia to live in 2-6 m on coral reef and to be active during the whole day. In East New Britain, it occurs subtidally under rocks, wedged inside holes and crevices of the deeper reef and boulders, or on the shallow reef, where it is covered by epiflora (Richards, pers. comm., 1989). It occurs on subtidal reef flats in Indonesia and Thailand (Kohn & Nybakken, 1975), and is more frequent on intertidal benches than subtidal reefs in the Maldive and Chagos Archipelagoes (Kohn, 1968). In Mocambique, it lives on outer areas of reef platforms (Grosch, pers. comm., 1989). C. distans feeds on polychaetes (Eunicidae) in Hawaii (Kohn, 1959a). However, armature of radular teeth differs from that of congeners with a similar diet (Nybakken, 1990). Egg capsules large, containing numerous eggs. Egg diameter of about 148 µm in Palau suggests a minimum pelagic period of about 28 days (Perron & Kohn, 1985; Loch, pers. comm., 1987)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus dusaveli (H. Adams, 1872)	TS	P	LC	very rare	?	very difficult			"In 50-288 m, on or in sand; New Caledonian specimens were dredged in 200-288 m." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus easoni (Petuch & Berschauer, 2018) unaccepted by WoRMS, accepted as Conus catus Hwass, 1792]	M	P	n/a	common	less common	easy	Marquesas		"At Taioha’e Bay on Nuku Hiva Island, Pionoconus easoni inhabits coral rubble areas on carbonate platforms, in the intertidal zone and in shallow subtidal depths (1 - 2 m). Belonging to a piscivorous genus, the new species is assumed to be a predator on small blennioid and gobioid fishes. More exploration in the Marquesas may show that this new species is widely distributed on other islands, such as Fatu Hiva, Hiva Oa, and Eiao." [Petuch & Berschauer 2018]
Conus ebraeus Linnaeus, 1758	MTSAG	V	LC	very common	common	easy	Tuamotu - Society	[25-27]	"On intertidal benches and subtidal coral reef platforms, to about 3 m; abundant in both types of habitat, with peak density of population nearer to the shore or halfway across intertidal habitats. On patches of sand bound by algal turf, in sand-filled depressions and crevices, on limestone benches with algal turf, and among or beneath dead coral (Kohn, 1959b, 1966b, 1968b, 1971; Kohn & Orians, 1962; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Leviten & Kohn, 1980; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989). C. ebraeus feeds on eunicid and nereid polychaetes; diet composition varies with habitat and locality (Kohn, 1959b; Kohn & Orians, 1962; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Leviten & Kohn, 1980; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985). Egg capsules measure 7-10 x 6-10 mm. Each capsule contains 1,500 -3,000 eggs 170-180 µm in diameter, predicting a minimum pelagic period of about 25-26 days (Risbec, 1932; Ostergaard, 1950; Kohn, 1961b; Perron, 1981b; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus eburneus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	MTSAG	V	LC	very common	very common	very easy	every archipelago	[22-28]	"Intertidal to about 65 m, mostly in 1-25 m. C. eburneus lives primarly in and on sand bottoms of subtidal reef flats, in sand-filled channels, large patches of sand and among weed on sandy or muddy substrate (Cernohorsky, 1964 & 1978; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Kohn, 1981; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). In East New Britain, Richards (pers. comm., 1989) has observed that typical C. eburneus often lives in dense colonies in 1-20 m, while form crassus is solitary, usually half buried in volcanic sand close to gravel bottoms below 12 m. C. eburneus preys mainly on polychaetes belonging to several families and is also known to feed on fishes. Its venom is toxic to worms, mollusks and small fishes, less dangerous to small mammals (Endean & Rudkin, 1965; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Thorsson, 1989). Egg diameter of 150 fm predicts a minimum pelagic period of about 28 days (Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus eldredi Morrison, 1955	TSAG	P	DD	very rare	very rare	difficult	Tuamotu (Society instead)		"Shallow water." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus emaciatus Reeve, 1849	S	V	LC	very rare	very rare	easy	Society		"On intertidal benches and shallow subtidal reef flats; inhabiting sand bottoms, bare limestone or beachrock, and dead coral heads and rocks. C. emaciatus feeds on terebellid and other polychaetes (Kohn, 1968b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Sharabati, 1984)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus encaustus Kiener, 1845	M	V	LC	less common	less common	easy	Marquesas		"In 0.5-6 m; on reefs, sand, boulders and beneath rocks." [Röckel et al. 1995] [Given similarity to C. abbreviatus and other members of its clade, which eat worms, vermivorous feeding mode for C. encaustus is presumed.]
Conus episcopatus da Motta, 1982	TSG	M	LC	less common	less common	difficult	Tuamotu (Society instead)		"In shallow water to 40 m; on the lagoon and ocean sides of coral reefs, in sand and coral rubble, often beneath coral rocks (Cernohorsky, 1964; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Richards, 1989; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). C. episcopatus is known to feed on Cypraeidae (Kohn & Nybakken, 1975). In the E. Indian Ocean, egg diameter of 400 µm predicts a short minimum planktonic period of about 7 days; in Palau, egg diameter is 275 µm and pelagic period about 15 days (Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus ferrugineus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	TS	V	LC	not present	unknown	unknown			"Intertidal to about 50 m; on sand, often under coral (Cernohorsky, 1964) or on sand with algae (Estival, 1981; Richer de Forges & Estival, 1984; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). Egg diameter of about 214 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of about 22 days (Philippines; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995] [Given similarity to C. planorbis and C. vitulinus which eat eunicid polychaetes, vermivorous feeding mode for C. ferrugineus is presumed.]
Conus flavidus Lamarck, 1810	MTSAG	V	LC	common	common	easy	Society - Marquesas	23 [21-25]	"On intertidal benches and more frequently on shallow subtidal reef flats to about 20 m; ranging from inshore habitats to the reef rim and inhabiting small sand-filled depressions, reef limestone or beachrock with or seldom without algal turf, coral rubble with or without sand, and dead coral heads or rocks. C. flavidus feeds on sedentary polychaetes of the families Terebellidae , Maldanidae and Capitellidae, rarely consuming enteropneusts; diet composition varies depending on habitat and locality (Kohn, 1959b, 1968b; Leviten & Kohn, 1980; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Marsh, 1971; Fainzilber et al., 1992). Egg capsules of 8.5-14 x 6.5-11 mm have a short stalk and are deposited in parallel rows under rocks on subtidal reef flats or near the reef crest. Egg diameter of 175-223 µm suggests a minimum pelagic period of 26-21 days. Larvae settled after a planktonic period of 23 days in Hawaii (Cernohorsky, 1964; Perron, 1981 a-c; Perron & Kohn, 1985; Loch, pers. comm., 1987)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus frigidus Reeve, 1848	MTSG	V	LC	common	somewhat common	more or less difficult	Tuamotu - Society	[22-24]	"On intertidal benches and shallow subtidal reef flats to about 5 m; inhabiting bare beachrock or limestone, beachrock and limestone pavement with a thin layer of sand or with algal turf, sand-filled depressions, coral rubble with or without sand, and dead coral heads or rocks. C. frigidus feeds on sedentary polychaetes of the families Terebellidae and Capitellidae (Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Leviten & Kohn, 1980; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). Females oviposit on the underside of coral rocks. Egg diameter of 191 µm suggests a minimum pelagic period of about 24 days (Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus gauguini Richard & Salvat, 1973	M	P	NT	rare	sparse	difficult	Marquesas		"In 20-50 m on coral reefs." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus generalis Linnaeus, 1767	S	V	LC	very rare	very rare	difficult	Society		"Intertidal to about 50 m, more common in subtidal habitats; in Philippines, dredged to 240 m (Guillot de Suduiraut, pers. comm., 1992); on coarse sand, muddy sand and coral rubble, often beneath dead coral. In W. Thailand, form krabiensis is reported from sand and rock bottoms in 12-30 m, in the Maldives from sand in 20-25 m. Similarly sized specimens of C. generalis have been observed in aggregations (Cernohorsky, 1964; Estival, 1981; Richer de Forges & Estival, 1986; Chaberman, pers. comm., 1981; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758	TSAG	P	LC	common	somewhat common	difficult	Tuamotu - Society	[24]	"Intertidal to about 20 m; on coral reefs, mainly on sand bottoms beneath or among coral heads, also on lagoon pinnacles, in caves and on coral rubble (Kohn, 1961b; Cernohorsky, 1964; Marsh, 1971; Sharabati, 1984; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989; Fainzilber et al., 1992). C. geographus feeds on fishes, sometimes also on molluscs. It captures its prey with it’s rostrum without stinging it first; after a fish is engulfed, it may be stung. Animals with shells of 80-87 mm may feed on fishes 130- 140 mm long; fresh dead fishes may also serve as food. Venom highly toxic to fishes and mammals, known to cause fatalities in humans. Toxicity and high quantity of injected venom make C. geographus the most dangerous Conus species. It has caused more than 30 human fatalities. (Kohn, 1963, 1983; Johnson & Stablum, 1971; Cruz, Gray & Olivera, 1976, 1978; Cruz, Corpuz & Olivera, 1978; Tsuriel, 1978). Animals observed to oviposit in isolated coral heads; capsule masses may be made by several females. Capsules deposited in short rows forming an irregular cluster; each row affixed to substratum by confluent basal plates. Observed number of capsules per spawn is 54, observed number of eggs per capsule 14,500-17,800, and observed capsule size 26-28 x 18-21 mm. Egg diameter of about 190 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of about 24 days (Kohn, 1961b; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus glans Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	TS	V	LC	rare	rare	difficult	Society	9 [3]	"Shallow subtidal to about 30 m. In Fiji, under corals on reefs. In New Caledonia, on debris, shell sand and dead corals in 2- 10 m. In the E. Indian Ocean, on subtidal coral reef platforms and reef slopes (Cernohorsky, 1964; Kohn, 1960; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Tirard, 1989, pers. comm.). In the Indian Ocean, the species is known to feed on Eunicidae and is vermivorous in the Tuamotu Archipelago as well (Kohn. 1960; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Salvat & Rives, 1980). In Sri Lanka, egg capsules are deposited in clusters of about 33, lack confluent basal plates, and measure 7-7.5 x 6-6.5 mm. Observed number of eggs per capsule is 37-53 and number of eggs per egg mass 1,600. An egg diameter of about 440 µm in the N. Indian Ocean predicts a minimum planktonic period of only 3 days. In Palau, the eggs measure only 341 µm in diameter, and the minimum planktonic period lasts about 11 days. Narrow larval shells of 2.5 to 3 or more whorls in Philippine and Samoan shells also predict the hatchling to be a veliger (Kohn, 1961 ; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus granum Röckel & Fischöder, 1985	T	V	LC	not present	doubtful presence		Tuamotu		"In 25-240 m, in sand and coral rubble." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus hirasei (Kuroda, 1956)	S	V	LC	not present	doubtful presence		Society		"In 100-240 m" [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus hivanus Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008	M	V	LC	not present	?	very difficult	Marquesas		90-120 (lv) [Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet 2008]
Conus imperialis Linnaeus, 1758	MTSAG	V	LC	common	common	easy	Society - Marquesas	[18-22]	"Intertidal to 75 m; in Philippines, dredged to 240 m. In Hawaii, C. imperialis on subtidal coral reef platforms, on fine to coarse sand, reef limestone with or without algal turf, and on coral rubble as well as dead coral. In Fiji, in sand under coral and in sand pockets of coral reefs (Cernohorsky, 1964); in New Caledonia, in 1-25 m inside the lagoon, on coarse sand bottom and dead coral of platforms exposed to waves (Richer de Forges & Estival, 1986; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989); on the Great Barrier Reef, subtidally in lagoons (Huish, 1978); in Indonesia, subtidally on lagoon reef platforms and seaward reef platforms (Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Kengalu, 1980) and also reported from coral rubble at low tide level. In Mozambique (Grosch, pers. comm., 1989), typical C. imperialis intertidally close to the infralittoral fringe on pure sand bottoms; form fuscatus in depressions, holes and crevices of rocky ledges and seldom on coral sand. Although both forms live syntopically in Mozambique, they do not share the same microhabitat. The rocky bottoms, on which form fuscatus occurs, are covered with crustose coralline algae, as are the shells of the living animals, whereas more typical C. imperialis exhibits hardly any encrustation. However, in Pacific localities C. imperialis often has heavy encrustations of coralline algae on its shells. In Réunion, fom, fuscatus ranges from slightly subtidal habitats to 50 m. C. imperialis is known to feed almost exclusively on polychaetes of the family Amphinomidae ("fireworms"); Eunicidae are rarely consumed; the radular teeth share characteristics with those of other Conus species that prey on amphinomids (Nybakken, 1970). In Hawaii, the species has been observed ovipositing in a depression in 0.3 m. Capsules are skewed to one side and are 18-20 x 12- 13 mm. Each capsule contains about 6,000 eggs of 225 µm diameter, suggesting a minimum pelagic period of 21 days. In Palau, egg diameter is 265 µm, indicating a minimum pelagic period of about 18 days. In the Seychelles, dense clusters of capsules are deposited in shallow water. Capsules are affixed to the substratum by confluent basal plates and to other previously laid capsules. Number of eggs per capsule varies from 2,300 to 4,300, and capsules measure 18- 19 x 11 - 12 mm. Egg diameter of 220 µm indicates a minimum pelagic period of 22 days (Kohn, 1961a, b; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus judaeus Bergh, 1895	MTSAG	V	LC	see C. ebraeus	see C. ebraeus				Appears to have a similar habitat as C. ebraeus. Diet: sedentary polychaetes (Duda et al. 2008); this species has only been documented in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific (e.g., Philippine Islands, Okinawa) and so its presence in French Polynesia is tenuous [Duda, personal observation]
Conus kinoshitai (Kuroda, 1956)	M	P	LC	not present	?	very difficult	Marquesas - Australs		"In 20-240 m; in Philippines, form tamikoae in 240-400 m." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus kuroharai (Habe, 1965)	S	V	LC	not present	?	?	Society		"In 100-390 m." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus legatus Lamarck, 1810	TS	M	LC	somewhat common	quite rare	difficult	Tuamotu		"In 3-50 m; on coral reef from the reef lagoon to the outer reef slope, in sand, coral rubble, caves and on dead coral (Estival, 1981; Chaberman, pers. comm., 1981; Richards, pers. comm., 1989)." [Röckel et al. 1995] [canonicus et al: molluscivorous]
Conus leopardus (Röding, 1798)	TSAG	V	LC	very common	common	very easy	Society - Tuamotu	[21-23]	"Slightly subtidal to about 45 m usually below 2 m. Mainly in shallow bays with vast subtidal stretches of sand or sand with vegetation; also occupying large areas of sand or sand and rubble on subtidal reef flats; less common where subtidal reef flats pass into smooth intertidal limestone benches (Kohn, 1959 a, b, 1968, 1980; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Cernohorsky, 1964, 1978; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). C. leopardus feeds exclusively on enteropneusts (Ptychodera flava) by engulfing its prey without stinging it first (Kohn, 1959 b, 1981; Endean & Rudkin, 1965). Observed to oviposit in 0.2 - 1.5 m of water on sand or sand and rubble. Egg capsules deposited in irregular rows, affixed to the underside of granite rocks, coral rocks and coral heads by confluent basal plates. Observed to spawn together with C. textile and C. virgo at the same place without interspecific competition. Capsules measure 26 - 58 x 19 - 37 mm and contain 2,900 - 12,800 eggs; observed number of eggs per capsule mass is more than 744,000. Egg diameter varies between 204 - 240 fm depending on locality, predicting a minimum pelagic period between 23 and 21 days (Kohn, 1961 a, b; Perron, 1980; Perron & Kohn, 1985; Cernohorsky, 1964)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus litoglyphus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	TS	V	LC	somewhat common	somewhat common	more or less difficult	Society		"Usually subtidal to about 60 m: on reefs. lagoon pinnacles. rocky platforms exposed to wave action and more frequently below 10 m on sand or reef rock under dead corals. or on reef slopes. In New Caledonia, C. litoglyphus in 1-30 m and outside the barrier-reef (Kohn, 1959a; Cemohrsky, 1964; Chaberman, pers. comm., 1981; Estival, 1981; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989; Richards, pers. comm., 1989: Pearson, pers. comm., 1990)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus litteratus Linnaeus, 1758	MSAG	V	LC	very rare	very rare	difficult	Society - Tuamotu	[21-23]	"Slightly subtidal to 50 m, juveniles sometimes dredged in 60 m. C. litteratus inhabits channels to large patches of fine or more often coarse sand, rubble and sand, silty rubble, sand with vegetation and even dense beds of sea- weed (Cernohorsky 1964, 1978; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Kohn, 1981; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989). C. litteratus feeds exclusively on polychaetes, mainly Capitellidae, and serves as prey for C. marmoreus (Endean & Rudkin, 1965; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Kohn, 1980; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985). Egg capsules with a heavily corrugated surface and crenulated edges, affixed to the substratum by confluent basal plates. Egg diameter of 201-222 fm predicts a minimum pelagic period of 21-23 days (Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus lividus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	MTSAG	V	LC	common	common	easy	Society	50 [28-29]	"Infrequently intertidal, common on subtidal coral reef platforms. C. lividus occupies diverse microhabitats: sand patches and pockets, coral rubble with and without sand, reef limestone with algal turf, bare reef limestone, dead coral heads, and beach rock (Kohn, 1959b, 1960, 1968b; Kohn & Nybakkan, 1975; Leviten & Kohn, 1980; Cernohorsky, 1964; Kilburn & Rippey, 1982; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). C. lividus feeds on polychaetes of the sedentary families Terebellidae and Maldanidae and the errant Nereidae and Eunicidae as well as on enteropneusts (Kohn, 1959b, 1960, 1968b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985). Egg capsules flat, short-stalked, with crenulate margins, 6-17 x 6-12 mm (Kohn, 1961; Perron 1981; Kilburn & Rippey, 1982). Capsules fixed in rows by confluent basal plates to the underside of coral rocks or on bare limestone pavement. Each capsule contains about 2.000-3.300 eggs of 135-150 µm diameter, suggesting a pelagic period of at least 28-29 days (50 days in Hawaii, based on in vitro observations; Kohn, 1961b; Perron, 1981; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus luteus Sowerby I, 1833	MTSAG	V	DD	rare	rare	difficult	Tuamotu		"In Marshall Is., in 12-18 m, living in caves and coral rubble; in Philippines in 100-240 m." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus magnificus Reeve, 1843	MTSAG	M	LC	common	locally common	easy	Society - Tuamotu		"In 5-50 m; on lagoon pinnacles, reef flats and the outer slope of reefs, in sand or rubble often beneath rocks, or in caves." [Röckel et al. 1995] [episcopatus: molluscivorous (Cypraeidae)]
Conus maltzanianus Weinkauff, 1873 [unaccepted by WoRMS, accepted as Conus frigidus Reeve, 1848]	TS	V	n/a	see C. frigidus	see C. frigidus	see C. frigidus			[account for Conus frigidus] "On intertidal benches and shallow subtidal reef flats to about 5 m; inhabiting bare beachrock or limestone, beachrock and limestone pavement with a thin layer of sand or with algal turf, sand-filled depressions, coral rubble with or without sand, and dead coral heads or rocks. C. frigidus feeds on sedentary polychaetes of the families Terebellidae and Capitellidae (Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Leviten & Kohn, 1980; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). Females oviposit on the underside of coral rocks. Egg diameter of 191 µm suggests a minimum pelagic period of about 24 days (Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus marchionatus Hinds, 1843	M	M	LC	common	locally common	difficult	Marquesas		"In 12 - 40 m on sand." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus marielae Rehder & Wilson, 1975	M	P	n/a	very rare	very rare	difficult	Marquesas		"21-46 fms, in coral and shell rubble and sand" [Rehder & Wilson 1975]
Conus mcbridei Lorenz, 2005	TS	V	DD	somewhat common	quite rare	difficult	Society - Tuamotu		Presumably similar to C. sponsalis and C. nanus.
Conus miles Linnaeus, 1758	MTSG	V	LC	very common	very common	very easy	Tuamotu	[21]	"Intertidal, more common in upper subtidal to about 50 m; on intertidal benches and reefs, in bays, on slightly subtidal reef flats and in deeper subtidal habitats. In shallow water on sand or gravel among rocks, on beachrock, rough truncated reef limestone and lagoon pinnacles (Kohn, 1959 a, b, 1960, 1968; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Cernohorsky, 1964, 1978; Estival, 1981; Kilburn & Rippey, 1982; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989). C. miles feeds on eunicid, nereid and spionid polychaetes (Kohn, 1959b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Kilburn & Rippey, 1982). Spawning has been observed under rocks on reef flats, with egg capsules of 9.5 x 6 mm deposited in parallel rows (Cernohorsky, 1964; Loch, pers. comm., 1987). Egg diameter of 228 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of 21 days (Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus miliaris Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	TSAG	V	LC	common	common	easy	Tuamotu	[23-27]	"Intertidal to about 10 m. Typical form of C. m. miliaris is more common on intertidal benches of beachrock or truncated reef limestone than on slightly subtidal reef platforms. It can be found at protected or exposed sites, in or on sand, coral rubble or rocks. and algal turf, infrequently also on large patches of sand and on bare reef limestone (Kohn, 1961 b, 1968b. 1978b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Kohn & Leviten, 1976; Leviten & Kohn, 1980; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989; Fainzilber et al., 1992). C. m. pascuensis on marine benches and among boulders and corals to about 12 m. On intertidal benches, in sand bound by algal turf and chaetopterid tubes, in sand pockets and between rocks (Kohn, 1978b). C. m. miliaris feeds exclusively on errant polychaetes, primarily Eunicidae. C. m. pascuensis also preys on eunicids and infrequently on nereids, but its diet composition differs from that of C. m miliaris in including a member of the family Onuphidae as most common prey species (Kohn, 1968b & 1978b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Leviten & Kohn, 1980; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985). C. m. miliaris deposits egg masses on the underside of coral rocks. Capsules of 5.5 x 6.0 mm contain about 1,000 eggs each. Egg diameter of about 160 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of about 27 days (Kohn, 1961b; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus mitratus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	MTS	V	LC	very rare	very rare	very difficult	Tuamotu		"In 1-25 m, in sand pockets among corals and seaweed and on lagoon pinnacles." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus moncuri Filmer, 2005	S	V	DD	very rare	very rare	very difficult	Society		"External reef slopes between 20 to 50 m. rarely internal lagoon slopes" [english translation from Richard & Rabiller 2021]
Conus moreleti Crosse, 1858	MTSAG	V	LC	somewhat common	somewhat common	more or less difficult	Society	[28]	"In 1-50 m, mainly encountered in 8-20 m on reef substrata. Egg capsules of about 10.5 x 8 mm are attached to the underside of coral rocks. Basal plates remain separated. Capsules contain 2,300-2,400 eggs about 150 µm diameter, suggesting a minimum pelagic period of about 28 days (Kohn, 1961b; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995] [Given similarity to C. lividus and C. sanguinolentus which eat sedentary polychaetes, vermivorous feeding mode for C. moreleti is presumed.]
Conus nanus Sowerby I, 1833	MTSAG	V	n/a	somewhat common	somewhat common	more or less difficult	Society - Tuamotu		[account for C. sponsalis] "Abundant on intertidal benches, less common on subtidal coral reefs; some specimens dredged in 100 m (Kay, 1979). Mostly an epifaunal species, in protected and exposed sites. Intertidally on beachrock and limestone benches, usually inhabiting algal turf binding sand. small sand-filled depressions, coral rubble and crevices of rocks; less frequently on larger patches of sand or bare reef limestone. Subtidally, on reef flats, lagoon pinnacles and deeper reef habitats to ca. 18 m, inhabiting sand or reef limestone with algal turf, coral rubble and crevices of dead coral. Typical form and form nanus co-occurring in some mixed populations; however, populations often consisting predominantly or completely of one form (Kohn, 1959a, b, 1966b, 1968b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Leviten & Kohn, 1980; Cernohorsky, 1964, 1978; Kay, 1979; Kilbum & Rippey, 1982; Grosch, pers. com., 1989). C. sponsalis feeds exclusively on errant polychaetes (Kohn, 1959 b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Kohn & Almasi, 1993). In form nanus, observed egg diameter of 135 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of about 29 days (Perron, 1981 b; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus nucleus Reeve, 1848	TSG	V	LC	not present	unknown				"In 10-30 m." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus nussatella Linnaeus, 1758	MTSAG	V	LC	somewhat common	somewhat common	more or less difficult	Society - Tuamotu		"In 0.5-25 m, on sand bottoms and pinnacles of reef lagoons, in sand pockets of subtidal reef flats, and in caves among living corals. Reported to be molluscivorous though its radular teeth are said to resemble those of vermivorous C. imperialis (Peile, 1939; Calabrese, 1971)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus obscurus Sowerby I, 1833	MTS	P	LC	common	less common	difficult	Marquesas	[28]	"Intertidal to more than 40 m, more common subtidally; usually reported from coral reefs. On various reef substrata (in caves among coral heads, on coral rubble among sea-weed, and on patches of sand) as well as on intertidal rocky flats exposed to wave action (Kohn, 1959a; Kohn & Weaver, 1962; Richards, pers. comm., 1989; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989). C. obscurus feeds on fishes; known human injuries resemble beestings (Kohn, 1963). In Hawaii, egg diameter of 147 µm predicts a pelagic period of about 28 days (Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus ochroleucus Gmelin, 1791	TS	V	LC	not present	very rare	difficult			"In 6-60 m; on muddy bottom and on rocky substrate with patches of rubble and coarse sand. In E. New Britain, dark brown variant in 15-25 m, light brown variant below 25 m (Petuch, 1974; Estival, 1981; Richards, 1988)." [Röckel et al. 1995] [Given phylogenetic position and suspected piscivorous diets of close relatives, diet of C. ochroleucus is presumed to be piscivory.]
Conus pertusus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	MTS	V	LC	somewhat common	somewhat common	more or less difficult	Society	[29]	"In 5-120 m. In Hawaii, in 18-90 m (Kohn, 1959a; Kohn & Weaver, 1962; Kay, 1979). In Fiji, subtidally under coral heads (Cernohorsky, 1964). In Marshall Is., in caves and coral rubble in 10-18 m. In New Caledonia, in white sand beneath coral boulders in 5-40 m (Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). In E. New Britain, subadults in 15-25 m among live coral but not in sand (Richards, pers. comm., 1989). At Hansa Bay, on coral rubble. In southern Natal, in 30 m and deeper (Liltved & Millard, 1989). In Hawaii, C. pertusus feeds on polychaetes (Kohn, 1959b). Egg diameter of 132 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of 29 days (Hawaii, Perron, 1981 b; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus planorbis Born, 1778	MTSG	V	LC	not present	unknown			[22]	"Intertidal to about 60 m; on reef rock beneath dead coral, sand bottom with algae, and on coral and rubble. In Hawaii, form vitulinus epifaunally in 0.6-55 m, uncommonly on subtidal reef flats and more commonly in 16-40 m (Kohn, 1959a, b; Cernohorsky, 1964; Kay, 1979; Estival, 1981; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). In Hawaii, form vitulinus feeds on eunicid polychaetes (Kohn, 1959b). Its egg capsules are deposited in irregular clusters affixed to the underside of rocks by confluent basal plates. Capsules of about 23 x 16-17 mm contain eggs 225 µm in diameter, suggesting a minimum pelagic period of about 21 days (Kohn, 1961a; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus pomareae (Monnier & Limpalaër, 2014)	MTSA	V	n/a	somewhat common	quite rare	more or less difficult	Tuamotu		"Intertidal zone, on the outer edge of the flat reef"
Conus praecellens A. Adams, 1854	TS	V	LC	not present	unknown	unknown	unknown		"In 10-250 m. In Papua New Guinea, a coarsely sculptured typical form on muddy bottom in about 12 m or at depths of 30-40 m (Richards, pers. comm., 1989). A W. Australian specimen has been "taken by prawn trawler in 165 metres" (Turnbull 1975; 1987, pers. comm.); in Loyalty Is., down to 200-250 m (Richard, pers. comm., 1991)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus pseudimperialis Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008	M	V	DD	rare	rare	difficult	Marquesas		10-250 m (lv) [Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet 2008]
Conus pulicarius Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	MTSAG	V	LC	very common	very common	very easy	Society	[26-28]	"Intertidal to more than 75 m; in deep sand away from limestone outcrops and growing coral; mostly in sand-filled channels and large patches of sand on reef flats and in bays. Reported to be both active only at night and active during the whole day (Cernohorsky, 1964, 1978; Kohn 1959a,b; 1980a; Thorsson, 1989; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). C. pulicarius feeds on polychaetes (mainly Capitellidae, occasionally also on Nereidae and Eunicidae); in Hawaii, echiurans ("spoonworms") are known to be apart of the diet. Venom toxic to worms but neither to molluscs nor to fishes (Kohn 1959b, 1980a; Endean & Rudkin, 1965). Egg capsules with crenulate margins; capsules measure 18-19 x 14-15 mm in Hawaii, 13-14 x 15.8-17.5 at Lizard Id. (Australia) and 8-9 x 10-11 mm at Enewetok, Marshall Is. Egg diameter of 150- 175 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of about 27-26 days (Huish, 1978; Perron, 1981b; Perron & Kohn, 1985; Kohn & Perron, 1994)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus quercinus [Lightfoot], 1786	MTSAG	V	LC	very common	common	easy	Society - Marquesas	8-30 [25-26]	"Subtidal, to more than 70 m, rarely and probably only seasonally entering the lower intertidal zone. A sand-dweller throughout its entire range, living in bays on vast flats of sand, often found among vegetation but avoiding habitats with rocks and coral or limestone outcrops. A highly gregarious species, active both night and day, tolerates muddy, somewhat brackish waters (Kohn, 1959a & b, 1963; Cernohorsky, 1964, 1978; Bosch & Bosch, 1982; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). C. quercinus preys on enteropneusts and polychaetes in Hawaii (Kohn, 1959b). In Hawaii, animals migrate to shallower water during the spawning season, ovipositing on sand banks in 0.6-2 m. Egg capsules arranged in rows and affixed to algae and sponges by confluent basal plates. Capsules 17-26x17-22 mm contain about 10,000 eggs 185-200 fm in diameter in Hawaii and about 180 fm in the Philippines, suggesting a minimum pelagic period of 25 (estimated) to 30 (observed in Hawaii) days (Perron, 1981a, b & c; Perron & Kohn, 1985; Kohn, 1959b, 1961)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus racemosus Sowerby III, 1874 [unaccepted by WoRMS, accepted as Conus purus Pease, 1863]	T	M	n/a	unknown	unknown	unknown	Tuamotu		[Account for Conus pennaceus; type locality of Conus racemosus is "Sandwich Islands" (presumably Hawaiian Islands)] "Indian Ocean: From the infralittoral fringe to about 50 m; most frequently on subtidal coral reef flats in 0.5-5 m of water, in coral rubble, sand and muddy sand, often under rocks and amongst or under living corals (Kohn, 1961b, 1968b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989 & 1990; Fainzilber et al., 1992; Lorenz, pers. comm., 1993). Form lohri reported from 30 m and deeper in Natal (Liltved & Millard, 1989); in S. Mozambique, this form in 2-20 m of water, on rocky ledges with algal turf (Kilburn, 1972; Ramalho, pers. comm., 1989). Hawaii: Rarely on intertidal benches, usually on subtidal reef flats to about 20 m, in sand, on reef rock and coral rubble; animals buried in sand under rocks during day, very often crawling on bare reef limestone at night (Kohn, 1959a, b). C. pennaceus feeds on prosobranch and opisthobranch gastropods but has not been observed to prey on congeners (Kohn, 1959b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Ramalho, pers. comm., 1989). In N. Mozambique, animals known to consume dead fishes, worms, octopods and shrimps (Grosch, pers. comm., 1989). Egg capsules deposited in clusters attached to hard substrate by a few capsules; subsequent capsules affixed to the previously laid forming "arches and bridges". Clusters containing about 60 capsules of 14-17 x 10-11 mm in the Maldives and about 35 capsules of 8.5-13 x 7-10 mm in Hawaii. Observed number of eggs per capsule is 480-660 in Maldives and 25-250 in Hawaii. In the Indian Ocean, egg diameter of 375-407 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of about 7 days; in Hawaii, egg diameter is 470-520 µm and hatchling is a veliconcha metamorphosing within one day (Ostergaard, 1950; Kohn, 1961a, b; Perron, 1981a, b, c, 1982; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus rattus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	TSAG	V	LC	see C. taitensis	see C. taitensis	see C. taitensis	Society - Marquesas	[25-30]	"On intertidal benches and subtidal reef platforms, to about 15 m, occupying exposed as well as sheltered sites. On benches, it occurs on reef limestone with or without algal turf and in pockets or patches of sand sometimes with sparse vegetation, hiding beneath rocks or corals. On subtidal flats, it lives on bare limestone, limestone with algal turf, coral rubble, dead coral, beach rock with or without sand, in rubble mixed with sand and in pure sand bottom often beneath coral rocks. It is also reported from gravel bottom and from crevices (Kohn, 1959b, 1960, 1968b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Cernohorsky, 1964; Huish, 1978; Kilburn & Rippey, 1982; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989; Fainzilber et al., 1992). C. rattus probably feeds exclusively on polychaete worms within its entire range, usually preferring Eunicidae to Nereidae (Kohn, 1959b, 1960; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Marsh, 1971). Its venom is toxic to worms and partially to small fishes but does not affect mice (Endean & Rudkin, 1965). Egg capsules measure 8-15 x 5-11 mm and contain 2,000-7,500 eggs each. In Sri Lanka and the Seychelles, they are deposited in 0.15-1.5 m of water to the underside of coral rocks, affixed by confluent basal plates, and arranged in irregular clusters. Egg diameter of 124-175 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of 26-30 days (Seychelles, Persian Gulf, India, Sri Lanka, Palau, Hawaii: Ostergaard, 1950; Kohn, 1961b; Perron, 1981b, c; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus retifer Menke, 1829	MTSG	M	LC	somewhat common	somewhat common	easy	Tuamotu	[19]	"Intertidal to about 40 m, less frequent below 15 m; from intertidal benches to the outer side of coral reefs, inhabiting sand, rubble, algal turf, dead as well as living coral and caves (Kohn, 1959b; Cernohorsky, 1964; Kay, 1979; Kohn & Leviten, 1980; Estival, 1981; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989; Richards, pers. comm., 1989; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989). Egg diameter of about 250 µm predicting a minimum pelagic period of about 19 days (E. Indian Ocean; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995] [Given similarity to C. textile which eats molluscs, molluscivorous feeding mode for C. retifer is presumed.]
Conus richardsae Korn & Röckel, 1992	TS	V	DD	not present	?	?			[account for Conus luteus] "In Marshall Is., in 12-18 m, living in caves and coral rubble; in Philippines in 100-240 m." [Röckel et al. 1995] [Röckel et al. consider it to be a subspecies of C. luteus]
Conus sandwichensis Walls, 1978	M	V	n/a	not present	?	?	Marquesas		[account for Conus suturatus] "Rare on exposed intertidal parts of coral reef, more frequent in subtidal habitats in 7- 150 m; often on muddy bottoms." [Röckel et al. 1995] [Röckel et al. consideri it to be a subspecies of C. suturatus]
Conus sanguinolentus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834	MTSA	V	LC	very common	very common	easy	Society		"Usually in 0.5 to 3 m. On sand and reef rock under coral boulders (Fiji); under rocks on reef flats and at the reef crest (Great Barrier Reef); in the northern Red Sea, reported from bare reef flats, usually towards the outer edge of the reef (Cernohorsky, 1964; Fainzilber et al., 1988; Loch, pers. comm., 1988). The violet form from the Marquesas and Tahiti is reported from reefs and rocky ledges in 5 to 30 m. C. sanguinolentus is known to feed on polychaetes (Reichelt & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus sponsalis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	MTSAG	V	LC	very common	very common	easy	all	[29-30]	"Abundant on intertidal benches, less common on subtidal coral reefs; some specimens dredged in 100 m (Kay, 1979). Mostly an epifaunal species, in protected and exposed sites. Intertidally on beachrock and limestone benches, usually inhabiting algal turf binding sand. small sand-filled depressions, coral rubble and crevices of rocks; less frequently on larger patches of sand or bare reef limestone. Subtidally, on reef flats, lagoon pinnacles and deeper reef habitats to ca. 18 m, inhabiting sand or reef limestone with algal turf, coral rubble and crevices of dead coral. Typical form and form nanus co-occurring in some mixed populations; however, populations often consisting predominantly or completely of one form (Kohn, 1959a, b, 1966b, 1968b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Leviten & Kohn, 1980; Cernohorsky, 1964, 1978; Kay, 1979; Kilbum & Rippey, 1982; Grosch, pers. com., 1989). C. sponsalis feeds exclusively on errant polychaetes (Kohn, 1959 b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Kohn & Almasi, 1993). In form nanus, observed egg diameter of 135 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of about 29 days (Perron, 1981 b; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758	MTSG	P	LC	very common	less common	easy	Society	20 [18-20]	"Typical form in 1-25 m, usually in sand on coral reef, often beneath rocks and dead coral slabs (Kohn, 1959a, b, 1960; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Perron, 1981b; Sharabati, 1984; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). Form floridus reported from sand bottoms in 20-40 m, form subfloridus from about 50 m. C. striatus known to feed on fishes, reported occasionally to consume molluscs; it has been observed both to ignore recently killed fishes (Kohn, 1956) and attack them the same way as living prey (Pearson, unpubl. observ.). Venom toxic to fishes, molluscs, small mammals and crabs, not affecting polychaetes (Kohn, Saunders & Wiener, 1960; Endean & Rudkin, 1965). C. textile and Pleuroploca filamentosa Röding observed to prey on C. striatus. Oviposition of the typical form beneath dead coral slabs and rocks; capsules of about 25 x 16 mm deposited in parallel rows. Egg diameter of 235-255 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of 20-19 days; in Hawaii, diameter is 250 µm and a pelagic period of 21 days (in vitro) has been observed (Perron, 1981 a, b; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus sugillatus Reeve, 1844	TS	V	n/a	common	somewhat common	easy	Society		[account for Conus muriculatus] "Intertidal to about 70 m; living on coarse sand with algae, and on diverse reef substrates. In some areas, found only subtidally (New Caledonia: in 12-40 m; Marshall Is.: slightly subtidal zone to 70 m). C. muriculatus feeds on eunicid and nereid polychaetes (Marshall Is., Kohn, 1980a; as C. sugillatus). On Broadhurst Reef (off Townsville, Queensland), form sugillatus has been observed spawning under coral rubble in 10 m (Loch, pers. comm., 1987). In an aquarium, typical form has deposited egg capsules in groups of 4 (Chaberman, pers. comm., 1981)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus sulcocastaneus Kosuge, 1981	A	V	LC	not present	unknown		Austral		"In 150-240 m." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus taitensis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	M	V	n/a	common	common	easy	Society - Marquesas		[account for Conus rattus] "On intertidal benches and subtidal reef platforms, to about 15 m, occupying exposed as well as sheltered sites. On benches, it occurs on reef limestone with or without algal turf and in pockets or patches of sand sometimes with sparse vegetation, hiding beneath rocks or corals. On subtidal flats, it lives on bare limestone, limestone with algal turf, coral rubble, dead coral, beach rock with or without sand, in rubble mixed with sand and in pure sand bottom often beneath coral rocks. It is also reported from gravel bottom and from crevices (Kohn, 1959b, 1960, 1968b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Cernohorsky, 1964; Huish, 1978; Kilburn & Rippey, 1982; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989; Fainzilber et al., 1992). C. rattus probably feeds exclusively on polychaete worms within its entire range, usually preferring Eunicidae to Nereidae (Kohn, 1959b, 1960; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Marsh, 1971). Its venom is toxic to worms and partially to small fishes but does not affect mice (Endean & Rudkin, 1965). Egg capsules measure 8-15 x 5-11 mm and contain 2,000-7,500 eggs each. In Sri Lanka and the Seychelles, they are deposited in 0.15-1.5 m of water to the underside of coral rocks, affixed by confluent basal plates, and arranged in irregular clusters. Egg diameter of 124-175 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of 26-30 days (Seychelles, Persian Gulf, India, Sri Lanka, Palau, Hawaii: Ostergaard, 1950; Kohn, 1961b; Perron, 1981b, c; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995] [Röckel et al. consider it to be a synonym of C. rattus]
Conus terebra Born, 1778	MTSAG	V	LC	common	somewhat common	easy	Society		"In 0.5-20 m on coral reef or lagoon pinnacles, in fine sand with or without sea-weed and coral rubble; reported from sheltered sites beneath coral rocks and from exposed rocky areas. C. terebra feeds on terebellid polychaetes (Kohn, 1960; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Chaberman, pers. comm., 1981; Sharabati, 1984; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989; Fainzilber et al., 1992)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus cf. tessulatus Born, 1778	MTS	V	LC	common	common	easy	Society	[19]	"Intertidal and subtidal, usually to 40 m; in Philippines, dredged to 240 m; in W. Mexico reported from 15-72 m. On coral reefs and in bays in fine to coarse sand substrate with or without vegetation, muddy sand, and gravel on sheltered flats (Thorson, 1940; Kohn, 1959a, 1960; Hanna, 1963; Cernohorsky, 1964; Keen, 1968; Estival, 1981; Kilburn & Rippey, 1982; Sharabati. 1984; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989; Fainzilber et al., 1992). C. tessulatus feeds on polychaetes. Its venom hardly affects molluscs and small fishes (Endean & Rudkin, 1965; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985). In the Persian Gulf, spawn found attached to rocks, empty bivalve shells and polychaete tubes; capsules of 25-26 x 18-21 mm, arranged in parallel rows, each containing 200-300 eggs. Egg diameter of 250 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of about 19 days (Thorson, 1940; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus textile Linnaeus, 1758	MTSAG	M	LC	very common	common	easy	Society (Tuamotu instead)	16 [15-21]	"Intertidal to about 50 m; on coral reef from the reef crest to deeper water inside the lagoon and sometimes also on flats of mainland coasts, in sand bottoms without or with sea-weed, in coral rubble, on slabs of rock, on pinnacles of dead coral and muddy substrate, often hidden beneath rocks and coral boulders. In Mozambique, populations rather typical in colour and pattern on sand and reef substrate, while populations with shells of dark ground-colour (incl. form cholmondeleyi, see below) on bottoms of silt or muddy sand. Magnetite and manganese components of the latter substrates are supposed to be responsible for the darker colour of the shells (Cernohorsky, 1964; Kohn, 1959a, 1960, 1968b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Huish, 1978; Kay, 1979; Kilburn & Rippey, 1982; Sharabati, 1984; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Tirard, pers. Comm., 1989; Grosch, pers. Comm., 1989; Lorenz, pers. Comm., 1993). C. textile preys on many different species of prosobranch gastropods (Conidae, incl. dangerous molluscivorous or piscivorous species as C. pennaceus or C. striatus, Terebridae, Mitridae, Nassariidae, Muricidae, Thaiididae, Coralliophilidae, Vermetidae, Siliquariidae, Cypraeidae, Turbinidae, Trochidae) and practices cannibalism after a long time of starving (Cruz, Corpuz & Olivera, 1978). Juveniles of C. textile also feed on gastropods. The radular tooth of C. textile is released immediately after injection into the foot of its prey and the proboscis is withdrawn; the stinging process may be repeated up to six times. The rostrum is then applied to the prey's aperture and the ingestion process needs about 20 minutes. However, C. textile also feeds on small fishes, worms, dead cephalopods and peeled shrimps (Kohn, 1959b, 1968b, 1983; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Schoenberg, 1971; Cruz, Corpuz & Olivera, 1978; Perron, 1981b; Collins, 1987; Loch, pers. Comm., 1987; Tirard, pers. Comm., 1989; Grosch, pers. Comm., 1989). The venom of C. textile is toxic to polychaetes, gastropods, fishes and mice; the species is reported to have caused human fatalities. However, the results of studies on the toxicity to mammals are somewhat contradictory: Kohn, Saunders & Wiener (1960) report lethal effects in mice after intraperitoneal and intravenous injection, whereas Endean & Rudkin (1963) did not observe lethal effects in mice. According to Cruz, Corpuz & Olivera (1976), mice always recover from a intraperitoneal injection but die after an intracisternal injection. At the western side of Wheeler Reef (Townsville, Queensland), egg capsules have been collected in 18 m beneath a coral plate among brain corals. These capsules measure 31-33 x 21-26 mm each containing about 1,300 eggs, while the mean capsule size in Hawaii is 21 x 17 mm. Egg diameters of 230-270 µm (E. Indian Ocean, Philippines, Palau, Queensland, Hawaii) suggest minimum pelagic periods of 21-17 days (Huish, 1978; Perron, 1980, 1981a, b; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus textilinus Kiener, 1845 [unaccepted in WoRMS, accepted as Conus canonicus Hwass, 1792]	M	M	n/a	somewhat common	sparse	more or less difficult	Marquesas		[account for Conus textile] "Intertidal to about 50 m; on coral reef from the reef crest to deeper water inside the lagoon and sometimes also on flats of mainland coasts, in sand bottoms without or with sea-weed, in coral rubble, on slabs of rock, on pinnacles of dead coral and muddy substrate, often hidden beneath rocks and coral boulders. In Mozambique, populations rather typical in colour and pattern on sand and reef substrate, while populations with shells of dark ground-colour (incl. form cholmondeleyi, see below) on bottoms of silt or muddy sand. Magnetite and manganese components of the latter substrates are supposed to be responsible for the darker colour of the shells (Cernohorsky, 1964; Kohn, 1959a, 1960, 1968b; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Huish, 1978; Kay, 1979; Kilburn & Rippey, 1982; Sharabati, 1984; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Tirard, pers. Comm., 1989; Grosch, pers. Comm., 1989; Lorenz, pers. Comm., 1993). C. textile preys on many different species of prosobranch gastropods (Conidae, incl. dangerous molluscivorous or piscivorous species as C. pennaceus or C. striatus, Terebridae, Mitridae, Nassariidae, Muricidae, Thaiididae, Coralliophilidae, Vermetidae, Siliquariidae, Cypraeidae, Turbinidae, Trochidae) and practices cannibalism after a long time of starving (Cruz, Corpuz & Olivera, 1978). Juveniles of C. textile also feed on gastropods. The radular tooth of C. textile is released immediately after injection into the foot of its prey and the proboscis is withdrawn; the stinging process may be repeated up to six times. The rostrum is then applied to the prey's aperture and the ingestion process needs about 20 minutes. However, C. textile also feeds on small fishes, worms, dead cephalopods and peeled shrimps (Kohn, 1959b, 1968b, 1983; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Reichelt & Kohn, 1985; Schoenberg, 1971; Cruz, Corpuz & Olivera, 1978; Perron, 1981b; Collins, 1987; Loch, pers. Comm., 1987; Tirard, pers. Comm., 1989; Grosch, pers. Comm., 1989). The venom of C. textile is toxic to polychaetes, gastropods, fishes and mice; the species is reported to have caused human fatalities. However, the results of studies on the toxicity to mammals are somewhat contradictory: Kohn, Saunders & Wiener (1960) report lethal effects in mice after intraperitoneal and intravenous injection, whereas Endean & Rudkin (1963) did not observe lethal effects in mice. According to Cruz, Corpuz & Olivera (1976), mice always recover from a intraperitoneal injection but die after an intracisternal injection. At the western side of Wheeler Reef (Townsville, Queensland), egg capsules have been collected in 18 m beneath a coral plate among brain corals. These capsules measure 31-33 x 21-26 mm each containing about 1,300 eggs, while the mean capsule size in Hawaii is 21 x 17 mm. Egg diameters of 230-270 µm (E. Indian Ocean, Philippines, Palau, Queensland, Hawaii) suggest minimum pelagic periods of 21-17 days (Huish, 1978; Perron, 1980, 1981a, b; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [account for Conus canonicus] "Intertidal and uppermost subtidal; on subtidal coral reef flats, in sand under coral rocks, in coral rubble with or without sand and on limestone pavement, often close to living corals (Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Chaberman, pers. comm., 1981; Richards, pers. comm., 1989; Lorenz, pers. comm., 1993). C. canonicus feeds on gastropods; venom toxic to molluscs but not to small mammals, fishes and polychaete worms (Endean & Rudkin, 1965; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975). Spawn of about 50 egg capsules deposited on the underside of rocks in about 1 m or near the reef crest. Capsules of 11-20 x 8.5-15 mm affixed to the substratum as well as to previously laid capsules; each containing 500-1,500 eggs. Egg diameter of 230-260 µm predicting a minimum pelagic period of 21-18 days (Kohn, 1961b, listed there as "C. textile"; Perron & Kohn, 1985; Loch, pers. comm., 1987; Kohn & Perron, 1994)."
Conus troendlei Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet, 2008	M	V	DD	very rare	very rare	?	Marquesas		"50-100 m" [Moolenbeek, Zandbergen & Bouchet 2008]
Conus tulipa Linnaeus, 1758	TSG	P	LC	common	locally common	easy	Tuamotu		"Intertidal to about 10 m; usually reported from coral reefs, in Mozambique also in intertidal habitats of the mainland coast; in sand patches beneath rocks and coral boulders, on coral rubble among sea-weed, and on rocky flats exposed to wave action (Meese, 1969; Huish, 1978; Estival, 1982; Richards, pers. comm., 1989; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989). C. tulipa feeds on fishes and molluscs. Fishes are either engulfed after stinging them or without stinging them first. The venom is highly toxic to fishes and small mammals (Endean & Rudkin, 1965). In Seychelles, R. C. Wood observed females ovipositing below loose corals in depressions near the reef edge (Kohn 1961b). Pearson (unpubl. observ.) observed C. tulipa mating and ovipositing in the aquarium; capsules are axially elongate and have a slightly corrugated surface." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus vappereaui Monteiro, 2009	TS	P	n/a	very rare	very rare	difficult	Society		"Reported in depth from 20 to 240 m, generally along sandy bottoms with or without coral rubble from the lower sloping platform to the beginning of the precipicious slope." "An endemic species from French Polynesia, a long time confused with Conus moluccensis Küster, 1838, from western Pacific and (or) Conus marielae Rehder & Wilson, 1975, from the Marquesas Islands. This species appears indeed in between the subtidal fauna and the deep sea fauna. We have more or less arbitrarily placed it among the latter one" [Richard & Rabiller 2013]
Conus vautieri Kiener, 1845	M	V	n/a	common	locally common	easy	Marquesas		[account for Conus pulicarius] "Intertidal to more than 75 m; in deep sand away from limestone outcrops and growing coral; mostly in sand-filled channels and large patches of sand on reef flats and in bays. Reported to be both active only at night and active during the whole day (Cernohorsky, 1964, 1978; Kohn 1959a,b; 1980a; Thorsson, 1989; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). C. pulicarius feeds on polychaetes (mainly Capitellidae, occasionally also on Nereidae and Eunicidae); in Hawaii, echiurans ("spoonworms") are known to be apart of the diet. Venom toxic to worms but neither to molluscs nor to fishes (Kohn 1959b, 1980a; Endean & Rudkin, 1965). Egg capsules with crenulate margins; capsules measure 18-19 x 14-15 mm in Hawaii, 13-14 x 15.8-17.5 at Lizard Id. (Australia) and 8-9 x 10-11 mm at Enewetok, Marshall Is. Egg diameter of 150- 175 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of about 27-26 days (Huish, 1978; Perron, 1981b; Perron & Kohn, 1985; Kohn & Perron, 1994)." [Röckel et al. 1995] [considered by Röckel et al (1995) as form of Conus pulicarius in Marquesas]
Conus vexillum Gmelin, 1791	MTSAG	V	LC	common	somewhat common	easy	Society	[28]	"C. v. vexillum intertidal to 70 m: juveniles on intertidal benches. larger individuals on subtidal reefs from the infralittoral fringe to about 30 m and to 50-70 m (Hawaii). It is reported from shallow water. lagoon pinnacles, on sand, sand with gravel, among weed or rocks and under dead coral (Kohn, 1959a, b; Kohn & Weaver, 1962; Cernohorsky, 1964; Estival, I981: Kilburn & Rippey, 1982; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989: Richards, pers. comm., 1989). C. v. sumatrensis in 1-4 m on rocks and reef flats with algal turf (Sharabati, 1984; Fainzilber, 1985: Fainzilber et al., 1992). C. v. vexillum feeds on eunicid polychaetes (Kohn. 1959b). Oviposition takes place under coral heads. Egg capsules of 20-3 1 x 13-21 mm deposited in irregular dense clusters and affixed to the substratum by confluent basal plates. An egg mass consists of about 35 capsules each containing 34,500 to 53,500 eggs. Egg diameter of 130-143 µm predicts a minimum pelagic period of about 28 days (Ostergaard, 1950: Kohn, 1961a: Perron, 1981a, b; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus virgo Linnaeus, 1758	MTS	V	LC	common	somewhat common	easy	Society	[21-26]	"In 0.5- 15 m; in sand and rubble on reef flats, sometimes amongst weed and beneath dead coral rocks. C. virgo feeds on terebellid and other polychaetes (Kohn, 1960; Kohn & Nybakken, 1975; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989; Grosch, pers. comm., 1989; Fainzilber et al., 1992). C. virgo aggregates for mating and spawning. Egg capsules affixed in short rows to the underside of coral rocks by confluent basal plates, forming an irregular dense cluster. Oviposition observed in November, January and August, near the seaward edge of the reef in about 1.5 m of water Sri Lanka and Seychelles; Kohn, 1961b). Capsules of varying outline and size, between 12-13 x 12-13 mm and 30-32 x 20-22 mm at the same locality. Number of eggs per capsule is 3,900-18,000, that of eggs per spawn mass 58,000-700,000. Egg diameter of 170-225 µm suggests a minimum pelagic period of 26-21 days (Kohn, 1961b; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Conus vitulinus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792	MTSG	V	n/a	common	somewhat common	easy	Society	[19-21]	[account for Conus planorbus] "Intertidal to about 60 m; on reef rock beneath dead coral, sand bottom with algae, and on coral and rubble. In Hawaii, form vitulinus epifaunally in 0.6-55 m, uncommonly on subtidal reef flats and more commonly in 16-40 m (Kohn, 1959a, b; Cernohorsky, 1964; Kay, 1979; Estival, 1981; Tirard, pers. comm., 1989). In Hawaii, form vitulinus feeds on eunicid polychaetes (Kohn, 1959b). Its egg capsules are deposited in irregular clusters affixed to the underside of rocks by confluent basal plates. Capsules of about 23 x 16-17 mm contain eggs 225 µm in diameter, suggesting a minimum pelagic period of about 21 days (Kohn, 1961a; Perron & Kohn, 1985)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Profundiconus cakobaui Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008	TS	V	LC	not present	?	very difficult			"A bathyal species formerly dredged from depths between 200 and 500 m, down to 859 m off Tahiti Island." [Richard & Rabiller 2013]
Profundiconus lani (Crandall, 1979)	T	V	LC	not present	?	very difficult	Tuamotu		"In 75-560 m (New Caledonia)." [Röckel et al. 1995]
Profundiconus tarava Rabiller & Richard, 2014	S	V	n/a	not present	?	very difficult	Society		"At present, the species is only known out of four stations of the Tarava seamounts. Specimens were collected only dead in depths from 540 down to 683 meters. Since no similar material could be traced anywhere in French Polynesia, we assume this is a bathyal species. This opinion is reinforced again by the fact that the sister species (Conus cakobaui) inhabits this bathymetric level." [Richard & Rabiller 2014]