PPARG¶

General Information ¶

Full gene name:	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
Entrez Gene ID:	5468
Location:	3p25
Synonyms:	PPARgamma, GLM1, PPARG2, PPARG1, CIMT1, NR1C3
Type:	protein-coding

User SNPs ¶

SNPs given by the user that are near or inside this gene:

SNP	Distance (bp)	Direction
rs1801282	0	within

This gene encodes a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subfamily of nuclear receptors. PPARs form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and these heterodimers regulate transcription of various genes. Three subtypes of PPARs are known: PPAR-alpha, PPAR-delta, and PPAR-gamma. The protein encoded by this gene is PPAR-gamma and is a regulator of adipocyte differentiation. Additionally, PPAR-gamma has been implicated in the pathology of numerous diseases including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

OMIM ¶

OMIM ID:	`OMIM ID 612266 `_

NCBI Phenotypes ¶

Gene Reviews
Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis.
Meta-analysis of genome-wide association data and large-scale replication identifies additional susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes.
Disorder of fatty acid metabolism
Diabetes mellitus type 2
GTR
NHGRI GWA Catalog
OMIM
Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci for type 2 diabetes and triglyceride levels.
Replication of genome-wide association signals in UK samples reveals risk loci for type 2 diabetes.
Glioma susceptibility 1
Obesity
Lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 3
A genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Finns detects multiple susceptibility variants.
Carotid intimal medial thickness 1

Gene Ontology ¶

cellular response to organic cyclic compound
regulation of cholesterol transporter activity
epithelial cell differentiation
induction of apoptosis
placenta development
cytosol
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway
activating transcription factor binding
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
zinc ion binding
negative regulation of sequestering of triglyceride
positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
innate immune response
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
RNA polymerase II regulatory region DNA binding
negative regulation of telomerase activity
response to caffeine
long-chain fatty acid transport
organ regeneration
drug binding
response to cold
chromatin binding
negative regulation of acute inflammatory response
cell maturation
DNA binding
positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation
retinoid X receptor binding
nucleoplasm
positive regulation of fat cell differentiation
positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of blood pressure
arachidonic acid binding
brown fat cell differentiation
white fat cell differentiation
gene expression
response to estrogen stimulus
heart development
negative regulation of cholesterol storage
lipoprotein transport
negative regulation of receptor biosynthetic process
positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation
lipid metabolic process
transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter
ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
negative regulation of cell growth
cellular response to insulin stimulus
glucose homeostasis
intracellular receptor mediated signaling pathway
prostaglandin receptor activity
response to drug
cellular response to lithium ion
response to nutrient
nucleus
response to vitamin A
response to lipid
enzyme binding
lipid homeostasis
signal transduction
negative regulation of interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway
response to low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus
sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation
monocyte differentiation
sequence-specific DNA binding
fatty acid oxidation
protein binding
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
cell fate commitment
steroid hormone receptor activity
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
low-density lipoprotein particle receptor biosynthetic process
transcription regulatory region DNA binding

KEGG Pathways ¶

GeneRIFs ¶

PPAR-gamma P12A polymorphism can modulate the association between dietary fat intake and components of the metabolic syndrome [PMID 12630956]
feedback mechanisms may contribute to the loss of 15-LOX-2 pathway components, which coincide with an increase in PPAR-gamma in many epithelial cancers [PMID 15799828]
PPARalpha and PPARgamma activation modulate hENT1 expression. [PMID 22349506]
In peritoneal endometriotic lesions, the expression of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma is positively correlated with the pain reported by patients. [PMID 19683227]
PPARalpha,gamma DNA methylation induced by Hcy may represent an important mechanism to explain atherosclerosis. [PMID 18004978]
HIV-1 Nef suppresses PPAR-gamma expression in human T and macrophage cell lines, and the effects of PPAR-gamma on viral replication is reduced by co-expression of Nef in MT4 T cells [PMID 15075535]
We found a gene-diet interaction between the PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism and monounsaturated fatty acid intake for BMI and body fat. [PMID 22102511]
The association between PPAR-gamma2 Prol2Ala polymorphism and glucose metabolism is already present in children and adolescents with obesity who might be at the very beginning of the natural course of type 2 diabetes. [PMID 21528816]
The Pro115Gln polymorphism has no epidemiological impact on morbid obesity [PMID 12148087]
The PPAR-gamma Pro12Ala gene polymorphism is associated with the response to pioglitazone in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. [PMID 20045142]
The results of this study suggested that PPAR-gamma genetic variants may modify the risk of alzheimer disease in an APOE epsilon4 allele-dependent fashion. [PMID 19660836]
hCG gene expression is differentially regulated in villous and invasive extravillous trophoblasts during their in vitro differentiation and modulated in an opposite way by PPARgamma. [PMID 19846218]
The Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-gamma gene is not involved in the pathogenesis or the phenotypic expression of PCOS. [PMID 20045799]
Report does not support a role for PPARG P12A polymorphism in future risk of acute myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease or ischemic stroke. [PMID 18561518]
The high-level expression of PPARgamma may provide a potential molecular target for the treatment of salivary duct carcinoma using agonist ligands. [PMID 14681322]
In esophageal cancer tissues, the expression of PPAR gamma was decreased compared with normal esophageal epithelium. [PMID 12324573]
Differential transcription occurring early in atopic dermatitis skin was indicated for CCL18, CCL13, IFNalpha2, PPARalpha and PPARgamma. [PMID 17181634]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is frequently over-expressed in androgen independent prostate cancer cell lines and human prostate cancer tissues [PMID 18789607]
The observed genetic association of PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism with diabetic nephropathy confirms earlier findings, highlighting the importance of this polymorphism. [PMID 17493550]
Two-hybrid [PMID 20211142]
Two-hybrid [PMID 20211142]
Two-hybrid [PMID 20211142]
Two-hybrid [PMID 20211142]
Two-hybrid [PMID 20211142]
Two-hybrid [PMID 20211142]
Two-hybrid [PMID 20211142]
Two-hybrid [PMID 20211142]
Two-hybrid [PMID 20211142]
Two-hybrid [PMID 20211142]
Activation of PPAR gamma by oxidized lipoproteins (oxLDL) promotes macrophage desensitization by reducing oxLDL-stimulated oxygen radical formation, an important determinant of the activation/deactivation balance in macrophages. [PMID 11884452]
Retinoid X receptor alpha is implicated in the nuclear reorganization of PPAR gamma and suggest that PPAR gamma colocalizes with RXR alpha at specific locations within the nucleus independent of added ligand. [PMID 11923467]
Data suggest that Txnip expression and promoter activity are mediated via divergent effects of KLF6 and PPAR-gamma transcriptional regulation. [PMID 19808645]
The nuclear receptor PPARgamma individually responds to serotonin- and fatty acid-metabolites. [PMID 20717101]
We investigated the effect of dietary fatty acid interaction with PPARG, PPARA and ADIPOQ gene variants on plasma lipid and adiponectin concentrations... [PMID 22040870]
The role of PPAR gamma in the development of diabetic retinopathy and potential therapies are briefly discussed. [PMID 21501146]
The findings suggest that PPARG polymorphism might affect the plasma proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid and modulate the associations of fish intake and marine n-3 fatty acids with glucose metabolism and fasting free fatty acids. [PMID 17700648]
PPARgamma2 and gamma3 polymorphisms may have arole in preventing colorectal cancer among Chinese in Singapore [PMID 16513680]
ApoC-IV overexpression may perturb lipid metabolism leading to lipid accumulation. HCV core protein may modulate ApoC-IV expression through Ku antigen and PPARgamma/RXRalpha complex. [PMID 18809223]
structures of intact PPAR-gamma and RXR-alpha as a heterodimer bound to DNA, ligands and coactivator peptides [PMID 19043829]
role in inducing cyclooxygenase-2 in monocytes [PMID 11809750]
RXRgamma and PPARgamma ligands acted synergistically to inhibit proliferation and invasiveness in colon cancer cells. [PMID 20510503]
results imply a significant correlation of Ser447X polymorphism and its protective effect on Indians against severity of CAD modified by the risk of diabetes, than LPL HindIII and PPARgamma Pro12Ala [PMID 20430250]
the expression of PPAR-gamma is significantly higher in coronary artery disease patients than in healthy donors and that, together with cytokine release, it seems to be gender-related [PMID 19644041]
The protective effect of polyunsaturated fat intake on myocardial infarction is attenuated in carriers of the Ala12 allele of PPARG [PMID 17921408]
Apoptotic action of PPARG activation in non-small-cell lung carcinoma is mediated via proline oxidase-induced ROS formation. [PMID 17535976]
PPARgamma regulates the 1,25D-induced hBD-3 and cathelicidin expression in keratinocytes through the regulation of AP-1 and p38 activity. [PMID 20970965]
The PPARgamma C161T is marginally associated with cancer susceptibility. [PMID 20596649]
Meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 20596649]
The minor Ala12 variant pf PPARG was associated with lower height in healthy prepubertal children indicating its possible effects on growth [PMID 20606394]
despite the conservation of the canonical binding motif, the great majority of binding regions for FOXA2 in human liver and for PPARgamma in human adipocytes are not in the orthologous locations corresponding to the mouse genome, and vice versa [PMID 21292830]
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma may have a role in colorectal cancer progression and adverse outcome [PMID 21151932]
Affinity Capture-RNA [PMID 21151932]
Affinity Capture-RNA; Affinity Capture-Western; Reconstituted Complex [PMID 21151932]
Affinity Capture-RNA [PMID 21151932]
the Ala12 allele of PPARG2 may be an independent factor associated with low serum hs-CRP levels in Japanese females [PMID 17574226]
Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPAR(gamma2) gene is not associated with diabetic retinopathy but is associated with dyslipidemia in male type 2 diabetic patients [PMID 11928067]
ASF/SF2 and PPAR-gamma determines the ratio of UCP3 isoforms. [PMID 19073146]
Link between PPARgamma and renin raises the possibility of a genetically based mechanism for the increased volume retention and edema in some users of PPARgamma agonists. [PMID 20631015]
the effects of the Pro12Pro and Pro12Ala polymorphisms of the PPAR-gamma 2 gene depended on the body size at birth;carriers of the Ala allele seemed to be protected against insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in later life (Review) [PMID 17374678]
Amino acid substistution is not associated with insulin resistance phenotype. [PMID 12739018]
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) inhibits transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer cells and prevents metastasis by antagonizing Smad3 function. [PMID 21159608]
The PPARgamma2 promoter -689C/T polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of MI. [PMID 18247297]
Pro12Pro genotype of the PPAR-gamma2 is associated with the conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in the STOP-NIDDM trial. [PMID 15592662]
identify the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) as a key negative regulator of human and mouse Th17 differentiation. [PMID 19737866]
HCV core protein expression-mediated FOXO1 activation and the increased PGC-1alpha leaded to the elevation of PCK1 at the mRNA level [PMID 22489460]
Existence of a link between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 genotype and diet responsiveness. [PMID 17495181]
Data suggest that PPARgamma promotes survival for some ovarian tumor cells. [PMID 21781307]
These results from a haplotype analysis, show for the first time that genetic variations in the PPARgamma gene could play a role in the susceptibility to develop gestational diabetes [PMID 21795447]
Pro12Ala polymorphism of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma was not associated with obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome, but was associated with increased hyperlipidaemia risk. [PMID 21669017]
PPARgamma augments TNF-family induced apoptosis [PMID 11914642]
Meta-analysis of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 19681917]
adiposity in children is influenced by the PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism in a sex-specific and age-dependent [PMID 20580778]
PPARgamma amino acid sequencqe allele may confer protection against overweight in the Tunisian population. [PMID 18657335]
in neuronal cultured cells, the Pro12Ala substitution does not affect the anti-amyloidogenic capacity of PPAR-gamma [PMID 17803977]
Transcriptional silencing via recruitment of corepressor adds to dominant-negative inhibition of wild type by P467L and V290M mutants. Introduction of artificial mutation (L318A) disrupting corepressor interaction abrogated dominant-negative activity. [PMID 14657011]
through modulation of PPARgamma or ALDH3A1, it may be possible to reduce cell proliferation in tumor cells or stimulate cell proliferation in normal cells during tissue regeneration. [PMID 21251908]
(NMR) study on the GW1929-bound peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligand-binding domain (LBD) [PMID 17980149]
There is a correlation between the genetic expression of PPARgamma from gastrointestinal tissue and body mass index, with increasing obesity correlating with a decrease in PPARgamma expression. [PMID 17287921]
analysis of the crystal structure of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligand binding domain [PMID 19053776]
increase in PPARgamma1 signaling observed in breast cancer contributes to an imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis, and may be an important hallmark of breast tumorigenesis [PMID 19061500]
The PPAR-gamma gene polymorphisms do not appear to affect the risk for PCOS, except for the reduced testosterone levels. [PMID 20840271]
mediates the proliferative action of mast-cell tryptase: possible relevance to human fibrotic disorders [PMID 12397176]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor expression in effusions from ovarian carcinomais associated with poor response to chemotherapy at disease recurrence and poor survival [PMID 19157507]
PPARgamma2 pro12Ala polymorphism and insulin resistance in Japanese hypertensive patients. [PMID 11924722]
the trophic properties of gastrin in colorectal cancer may be mediated in part by transactivation of the EGFR and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, leading to degradation of PPARgamma protein and a decrease in PPARgamma activation [PMID 16574647]
analysis of gammaORF4, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma isoform with dominant negative activity generated by alternative splicing [PMID 15857827]
The PPAR-gamma Ala12 allele carriers may have less risk of developing cognitive decline. [PMID 17052804]
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression localized to a variety of cell types in newly formed subcutaneous fat. [PMID 22456356]
PPAR activators inhibit endothelial cell migration by targeting Akt. [PMID 12054675]
Ala12 allele at PPARG associated with short- and long-term weight loss (-0.63 and -0.93 kg/allele, P </= 0.005, respectively). [PMID 22179955]
influence of PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism on the elimination of 24S-hydroxycholesterol [PMID 15666037]
Review. PPARgamma is strongly expressed by the epithelial cells of the colon mucosa. It is implicated in the regulation of inflammation. A deficit of PPARgamma in ulcerative colitis could in part explain the acute inflammation. [PMID 17151549]
Activation of PPARgamma and retinoid X receptor alpha in floxed mice with lupus nephritis in the context of autoimmunity against dying cells has distinct effects on phagocytosis and the preservation of self-tolerance. [PMID 21135166]
Reconstituted Complex; Two-hybrid [PMID 18310298]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 18310298]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 18310298]
PPARgamma agonists enhance the differentiation process initiated by ET-743 [PMID 22293175]
Genetic variation in PPARG is associated with NAFLD, and the GT haplotype is associated with inflammatory and fibrotic changes that denote histologically advanced NAFLD [PMID 22160635]
We found that PPARgamma targets a palindromic repeat with a 3-bp spacer (Pal3) in the proximal human renin promoter. Renin is the first gene described with a functional Pal3 sequence. PPARgamma agonists also stimulated renin gene expression. [PMID 17785633]
the data do not support the hypothesis that the A12 allele is associated with a decreased risk of coronary heart disease [PMID 15920035]
FRET; Reconstituted Complex; Two-hybrid [PMID 11500849]
FRET [PMID 11500849]
FRET [PMID 11500849]
FRET [PMID 11500849]
FRET; Reconstituted Complex [PMID 11500849]
FRET [PMID 11500849]
FRET [PMID 11500849]
FRET [PMID 11500849]
Changes in DNA methylation at adipogenic promoters during cellular aging. [PMID 17535427]
STAT6 acts as a facilitating factor for PPARgamma by promoting DNA binding and consequently increasing the number of regulated genes and the magnitude of responses. [PMID 21093321]
PPARgamma activation enhances cell surface ENaCalpha via up-regulation of SGK1 in collecting duct cells. [PMID 12923071]
role of intact AF-2 domain for ligand-dependent and ligand-independent interaction and coactivation [PMID 12502716]
The observations suggest TZDs inhibit TNFalpha-mediated PAI-1 induction independent of inducible PPARgamma activation. [PMID 15990085]
Homozygosity for the Ala allele at codon 12 of the PPARgamma2 gene resulted in reduced risk of CAD. [PMID 21206011]
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) upregulate syndecan 1 in breast cancer cellsbu activating PPARgamma, providing a chemopreventive effect. [PMID 18413760]
the A-Ala-T haplotype at the PPARG2 locus is associated with the reduced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. [PMID 19846173]
activity of PPARgamma and PPARgamma ligands in cancer [review] [PMID 12538445]
the genetic variation in PPARG and ADIPOQ loci could contribute to the risk for the development of T2D in Indian Sikhs. [PMID 19846176]
We observed no significant differences in the frequency of the Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPAR-gamma gene among subjects with CD, UC and controls (15.9%, 15.5% and 13%, respectively, p>0.05). [PMID 19104705]
PPARgamma is a key target in the butyrate-induced signalling cascade leading to apoptosis via caspase-3 in Caco-2 cells. [PMID 16927016]
natural mutations in human PPARgamma, associated with severe insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, exhibit perturbations in the dynamic behavior of helix 12 [PMID 12536206]
Data show that human cytomegalovirus infection induces peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transcriptional activity in infected cells. [PMID 20042507]
The effect of XIAP inhibition and PPARgamma activation in colon cancer, was explored. [PMID 18645029]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma suppresses colonic epithelial cell turnover and colon carcinogenesis through inhibition of the beta-catenin/T cell factor pathway. [PMID 18391483]
Ciglitazone inhibits cell growth by induction of cell apoptosis in HL-60 cells via PPARgamma dependent and independent signaling pathways. [PMID 21029675]
Two common gene polymorphisms of PPARgamma may improve fertilization in vitro and, thus possibly, female fertility. [PMID 21764381]
hepatitis C virus core protein elevated PPARgamma transcriptional activity [PMID 17331464]
The Y151C mutant in familial partial lipodystrophy displayed impaired DNA-binding capacity and hence reduced transcriptional activity compared with wild-type PPARgamma. [PMID 21479595]
Suppression of NORE1A, a known Ras effector, in PAX8-PPARgamma fusion-carrying follicular thyroid cancer [PMID 16352687]
the PAX8-PPARgamma1 translocation characterizes a subset of thyroid follicular carcinomas [PMID 15362967]
reduces growth of esophageal cancer [PMID 12080321]
Data suggest that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma senses oxidation of fatty acids by recognizing alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone as a common moiety. [PMID 15695504]
Amino acid substituion polymorphism increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. [PMID 15797964]
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 21061265]
The PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism may be a shared risk marker of both impaired fasting glucose and gastric cancer in Japanese. [PMID 17763950]
Menin is an important factor in PPARgamma-mediated adipogenesis. [PMID 19596783]
PPARgamma promoter polymorphisms have roles in acute coronary syndrome [PMID 19117570]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 11891224]
Observational study of gene-environment interaction and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 17544013]
The expression of PPARgamma is enhanced significantly while the expression of COX2 and PGE(2) are attenuated markedly when the orbital pre-adipocytes differentiated into adipocytes in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. [PMID 21426847]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma induces apoptosis and inhibits autophagy of human monocyte-derived macrophages via induction of cathepsin L: potential role in atherosclerosis. [PMID 21700710]
analysis of a novel sequence-specific synergy between PPAR-gamma ligands and chemotherapeutic agents for lung cancer treatment [PMID 18516296]
Simvastatin, pravastatin, and NO-pravastatin increased expression of the proteins PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and ABCA1, and expression of the mRNA of ABCA1 and LXRalpha in GBEC. [PMID 19225884]
Interaction between PPARG Pro12Ala and PPARA Leu162Val genotypes may influence plasma LDL cholesterol concentration and the proportion as small dense LDL after a high monounsaturated fatty acids diet. [PMID 22378291]
Chlamydia pneumoniae infections disturb cholesterol homeostasis in human THP-1 macrophages and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection disturbs cholesterol homeostasis via JNK-PPARgamma dependent signal transduction pathways. [PMID 20870032]
PPAR-gamma activation could have significant inhibitory effects on memory T-cell responses by affecting accessory cell function [PMID 16889541]
Trans-splicing of a cotranscribed mRNA from two neighboring genes, PPARG and TSEN2 (PPARG and TSEN2). [PMID 16595010]
Clinical trial of gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 12610044]
TPA synergizes with PPARgamma ligand to inhibit cell growth through up-regulation of PPARgamma expression [PMID 16945329]
Levels of serum lipid/lipoprotein were not associated with the Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPAR-gamma2 among Chinese nonagenarians and centenarians, which was different from the general population [PMID 22001700]
Inhibition of PPARgamma activity suppresses pancreatic cancer cell motility. [PMID 19016747]
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma has a role in activation of tubular epithelial cells in diabetic nephropathy [PMID 16687627]
the presence of the Ala allele at the PPARG/Pro12Ala polymorphism and the Ser allele at the PPARGC1A/Gly482Ser polymorphism may be a predisposing factor for sarcoidosis. [PMID 19070258]
In many tumor cells, including lung carcinoma cells, activation of PPARgamma results in decreased cellular proliferation [PMID 18317436]
observations point to PPAR-gamma in the context of the alveolar macrophage as a crucial factor in limiting excessive and possibly injurious inflammation in the lung [PMID 18317435]
It was concluded that PPAR-gamma activation by L. barbarum extract is associated with its taurine content and may explain at least in part its use in diabetic retinopathy progression. [PMID 21820420]
PPARgamma are immunodetected in trophoblasts at the maternofetal interface. [PMID 17321592]
activation through Nox2-derived ROS promotes cell-cycle progression in normal mouse lungs and in cultured normal alveolar epithelial cells [PMID 21664456]
In HepG2 cells, activation of PPARg preferentially results in a reduction of cell proliferation without inducing cell death. [PMID 20862655]
Data evidenced a significative correlation between both SREBP-1c and PPARgamma and EF and intramyocyte lipid accumulation. [PMID 19470430]
the modulation of Dectin-1 expression by IL-13 involves the PPARgamma signaling pathway [PMID 20062524]
High glucose enhanced Ang-II-mediated peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-gamma inactivation and expression of proinflammatory adhesion molecules in human coronary artery endothelial cells. [PMID 19796634]
results suggest that conventional follicular thyroid carcinomas develop through at least two distinct molecular pathways initiated by either RAS point mutation or PAX8-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma rearrangement [PMID 12727991]
Expression of adipophilin is enhanced during trophoblast differentiation and is up-regulated by ligand-activated PPARgamma/retinoid X receptor. May contribute to fatty acid uptake by placenta. [PMID 14671211]
PPAR-gamma mRNA expression in coronary heart disease patients were higher than in the normal patients. [PMID 18822908]
investigated whether there is a link between growth inhibitory effect and transcriptional activation of PPARgamma in several gastrointestinal tumour cell lines [PMID 15507122]
PPARgamma suppression inhibits adipogenesis but is not the master factor regulating mesenchymal lineage determination in human bone marrow. [PMID 22120652]
the Ala12Ala genotype of PPARgamma2 is associated with elevated adiponectin level, and that the PPARgamma2 and IRS-1 genes have a possible interaction in their effects on adiponectin concentration in blood [PMID 15781195]
Affinity Capture-Western [PMID 19625650]
Data observed that ABCC8 as well as the interaction between PPARG and HNF4A may contribute to post-challenge insulin secretion. [PMID 20079163]
Pro12Ala amino acid variant of the PPARgamma2 isoform is not associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. [PMID 14581147]
have quantified the HMGA2 mRNA level, which was not elevated in the two adenomas with the PAX8- PPARG fusion, compared to histologically normal thyroid tissue [PMID 21763631]
T0070907, a selective ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, functions as an antagonist of biochemical and cellular activities [PMID 11877444]
first PPARG germline mutation associated with dyslipidemia and colonic polyp formation that can progress to full-blown adenocarcinoma [PMID 20123124]
Lipodystrophic PPARG P467L phenotype includes excessive and uncontrolled generation of non-esterified fatty acids directly from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. [PMID 18713822]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 11027271]
PPARgamma is a molecular target of ghrelin signaling in macrophages [PMID 19888469]
Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARgamma2 is associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. [PMID 15581066]
Pin1 regulates macrophage function through the direct binding to the phosphorylated AF-1 domain of PPARgamma [PMID 19996102]
Affinity Capture-Luminescence; FRET; Reconstituted Complex [PMID 17468099]
Affinity Capture-Luminescence; Affinity Capture-Western; FRET; Reconstituted Complex; Two-hybrid [PMID 17468099]
Affinity Capture-Luminescence; Reconstituted Complex [PMID 17468099]
Affinity Capture-Luminescence; Co-localization; FRET; Two-hybrid [PMID 17468099]
Affinity Capture-Luminescence; FRET; Reconstituted Complex; Two-hybrid [PMID 17468099]
The effect of IFNalpha, IFNbeta and IFNgamma on the secretion of the Th1 chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10, in primary cultures of human thyroid follicular cells and to assess the effect of PPARgamma activation on CXCL9 and CXCL10 secretion, were tested. [PMID 20299237]
Human vascular cell function (proliferation, cell cycle, protein expression, lactate release) is independent of PPAR gamma. [PMID 15729575]
15d-PGJ(2) differently upregulates MMP-1 expression in HMEC-1 through induction of oxidative stress, and inhibits uPA synthesis partly by activation of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma (PPARgamma). [PMID 14515149]
AlaAla genotype may be a protective factor in the European Caucasian population against the development of Crohs disease in a recessive way. [PMID 22276212]
underexpression of PPARgamma is associated with poor tumour differentiation, aneuploidy and higher cell proliferative activity in thyroid follicular carcinoma [PMID 19724872]
Data show that the coordinated PPARgamma-mediated regulation of the GPR81, GPR109A and GPR109B presents a novel mechanism by which TZDs may reduce circulating free fatty acid levels and perhaps ameliorate insulin resistance in obese patients. [PMID 19633298]
Data identify a new molecular pathway that links engagement of the mannose receptor, an important pattern recognition receptor for M. tuberculosis, with PPARgamma activation, which regulates the macrophage inflammatory response. [PMID 20554962]
Phe282Ala mutation dramatically reduced the binding affinity of ligands to PPARgamma; solvent effect may be concluded as the major source of the decrease of binding affinity and thereby of the decrease of its transcriptional activation activity [PMID 15935279]
We investigated the phenotypic appearance of the two polymorphisms (Pro12Ala and exon 6 C–>T) in PPARgamma among elderly twins and plasma glucose and insulin profiles among MZ and DZ twins. [PMID 12502512]
PAR-5359, a well-balanced PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist, exhibits equivalent antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities in vitro and in vivo. [PMID 18727927]
diabetes mellitus patients harboring both D2 Ala/Ala genotype and PPARgamma2 Ala12 allele seem to present more severe IR than those with other D2/PPARgamma2 genotype combinations. [PMID 20930717]
the presence of PPAR-gamma staining can aid in the diagnosis of dedifferentiated liposarcoma [PMID 18204431]
The RNAi approach using shRNA-expressing plasmid suppresses PPAR-gamma expression in HCT-116 cells and PPAR-gamma gene silencing promotes proliferation of CRC cells. [PMID 18214615]
This data suggests that the regulation of O2(.-) is located at the crossroads between LDL signaling and cell proliferation. [PMID 17573040]
results suggest that both NHE1 and MnSOD have peroxisome proliferator response elements binding motif in their upstream/promoter region and hence are regulated by PPAR upon ligand binding. [PMID 19958503]
PPARgamma is activated in cigarette smoking-related lung cancer [PMID 19346318]
The Ala12 allele of PPAR-gamma2 is associated with lower levels of soluble RAGE and the presence of peripheral arterial disease. [PMID 18538667]
The polymorphism Pro12Ala is not connected with the endothelium destruction. 2) Other researches are necessary to estimate influence of mutated allele on the control of diabetes. 3) The genotyp Pro12Pro promotes higher blood pressure by healthy people. [PMID 16789503]
PPARgamma may be involved in the gastric mucosal defense through regulating TFF2 expression [PMID 17118693]
PPAR-gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism was not associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s Disease. AD patients with Pro/Ala genotype had disease onset 4.6 years earlier and significantly lower plasma sRAGE levels than carriers of Pro/Pro genotype. [PMID 19631630]
data provide direct evidence for the role of PPARgamma in the regulation of human TBXA2R gene expression within the vasculature and point to further critical differences in the modes of transcriptional regulation of TBXA2R alpha and TBXA2R beta in humans [PMID 16156795]
PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma ligands induced apoptotic and antiproliferative responses in human breast cancer cell lines, respectively, which were associated with specific changes in gene expression. [PMID 15318936]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 17455211]
codon 422 may be a part of a co-factor(s) interaction domain necessary for PPARgamma to induce terminal differentiation in epithelial, but not adipocyte, cell lineages [PMID 12591919]
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 21054877]
Detection of the PAX8-PPAR gamma fusion oncogene in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas. [PMID 12519876]
data provide evidence that Alanine 12 sequence variant is associated with a worse metabolic profile than Proline 12 and is related to differences in expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and oxidative imbalance after fat overload [PMID 18424599]
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-gene interaction, gene-environment interaction, and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 20075150]
PPAR-gamma is induced on collecting ducts, interstitial cells, and endothelial cells in a rat model having renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. [PMID 15919430]
PPARgamma as an alternative COX-independent mechanism of VEGF induction in colorectal tumor cells. [PMID 20221637]
statins have a role in coronary artery disease and influence PPARgamma expression in coronary plaques and affect the inflammatory status of patients [PMID 21726861]
the results confirmed involvement of the PPARgamma pathway in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [PMID 17928738]
PPAR gamma regulates involucrin expression by controlling the AP-1 signal and p38 activation in 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3-induced keratinocyte differentiation. [PMID 18077140]
a novel mechanism of PPARgamma regulation by which Ras/MAPK inhibitors act as scaffold proteins that sequester and sensitize PPARgamma to ligands, limiting proliferation of gastric epithelial cells. [PMID 21690289]
study evaluated the levels of 15-deoxy Delta(12,14)prostaglandin J(2) and PPARgamma and the influence of PPARgamma activation by 15dPGJ(2) on the production of NO, in term placental tissues from control, pre-gestational and gestational diabetic patients [PMID 15258247]
FOXA1 and IRF-1 intermediary transcriptional regulators of PPARgamma-induced urothelial cytodifferentiation [PMID 18688264]
Cell-specific expression patterns of multiple PPARG transcript variants encoding for the same protein but differing in mRNA stabilities enable a fine-tuning of PPARG action. [PMID 18435931]
a role for PPARgamma and RXR in regulation of fatty acid transport and storage in human placental trophoblasts. [PMID 15827101]
polymorphism in the PPARgamma2 gene was positively associated with an enlarged area of small dense low-density lipoprotein 4-7 [PMID 17884443]
S 26948 as a selective PPARgamma ligand with distinctive coactivator recruitment and gene expression profile, reduced adipogenic effect, and improved biological responses in vivo. [PMID 17704298]
Reversal of AGE on angiogenesis by treatment with PPAR gamma antagonists and up-regulation of PPAR gamma gene in HUVECs treated with AGE-BSA suggested involvement of PPAR gamma-dependent downstream pathway in mediating the angiogenic effect of AGE. [PMID 22435140]
Regulation of dectin-1-mediated dendritic cell activation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand troglitazone. [PMID 21296999]
Down-regulation of PPARgamma co-activator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) appears to be dependent on PPARgamma. [PMID 21358044]
Novel tetrahydroisoquinolines have been developed as potent PPAR ligands which also function as anti-type 2 diabetes drugs. [PMID 17005393]
CDX1 enhanced the expression of PPARgamma gene, a master transcriptional regulator of intestinal differentiation, at the transcriptional level, via functional interaction with CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha). [PMID 19059241]
Identify PPARgamma as pivotal in vascular muscle as a regulator of vascular structure, vascular function, and blood pressure. [PMID 18316027]
C1431T, but not Pro12Ala polymorphisms of PPARgamma gene, are associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) in a Chinese population. In MS patients, Ala allele and T allele are both associated with higher fasting blood sugar and higher left ventricular voltage [PMID 19237017]
No evidence of association between type 2 diabetes susceptibility in patienets with the PPARG Pro12Ala variant. [PMID 20043145]
Study describe a novel human liver-specific PGC-1alpha transcript that results from alternative promoter usage and is induced by FOXO1 as well as glucocorticoids and cAMP-response element-binding protein signaling but is not present in other mammals. [PMID 22009745]
PPARgamma agonists in type 2 diabetic patients leads to an improved glycemic control and an inhanced insulin sensitivity. (REVIEW) [PMID 15959400]
Whereas genetically reduced PPARgamma activity in adipose tissue leads to reduction of total fat mass in humans and in mice, mutations in the ligand-binding domain of PPARgamma cause abnormal body fat distributions. Review. [PMID 16039966]
The PPARgamma2 Alanine-12 allele is associated with an increased growth rate in early life. This effect may be influenced by breast-feeding duration. [PMID 19188432]
findings suggest that Pro12Ala proliferator-activated receptor-gamma(PPAR-gamma) gene polymorphism may be protective against insulin resistance and development of diabetes mellitus in the first-degree relatives of subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome [PMID 16316841]
Telmisartan-induced inhibition of vasoconstriction in resistance arteries is mediated through a PPARgamma-dependent increase in eNOS expression and activity that is unrelated to ATR blockade. [PMID 21156825]
Data indicates that carrying the Ala allele significantly increased by nearly two-fold the risk of developing AD in subjects 80 years or older. [PMID 17270153]
acts as a tumor-suppressor gene in the liver [PMID 20512989]
The effect of LDL particles showing extensive or low oxidation (HoxLDL and LoxLDL) on the expression of CD36 and FcgammaRII in a human monocytic cell line and the involvement of PPARgamma, was investigated. [PMID 19088437]
Ligands do not induce extracellular superoxide dismutase mRNA and protein. [PMID 15479564]
The TNIP1 distal promoter, approximately 4600 nucleotides upstream of a frequently utilized transcription start site region, contains PPAR gamma and NF-kappaB sites that bind the respective transcription factors in vivo. [PMID 22001530]
Treatment of human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 with the synthetic PPARgamma ligands pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, GW7845 or its natural ligand 15-deoxy-delta 12, 14-prostaglandin J2(15d-PGJ2) led to inhibition of the invasiveness of this cell line. [PMID 12779083]
In human liver, PPARgamma mediates the induction of CYP26B1. [PMID 19884280]
Analysis of PPARG polymorphism and Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric adenocarcinoma and peptic ulcer disease is reported. [PMID 18372284]
Report PPAR/RXRalpha dysregulation in preterm and infection-driven infection labor. [PMID 19279199]
SNP C161T associated with ulcerative colitis in Chinese but not Dutch patients [PMID 19714744]
findings suggest an involvement of PPARgamma in trophoblast differentiation during normal placental development; down-regulation of PPARgamma may contribute to trophoblastic diseases such as hydatidufirm mole and choriocarcinoma [PMID 12029076]
The researchers found that the rs17036314, rs1801282, and rs1152003 alleles were associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus but lifestyle changes in the rs1152003 group modified risk. [PMID 18091023]
an association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Pro12Ala single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PPARgamma [PMID 21968139]
A functional role of PPARgamma/RXRalpha and Oct-1 in the regulation of the FABP2 gene. [PMID 18634911]
Expression plays a role in energy homeostasis in obese women. [PMID 12829631]
genetic variation at the PPARG loci may confer higher cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [PMID 18241614]
This study suggests an association between SNP’s in PPARG and haplotypes thereof and bone mineral density and fracture risk. [PMID 21104228]
The common Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARgamma is associated with lower diastolic blood pressure in male subjects with type 2 diabetes. [PMID 12923397]
the Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPAR-gamma2 represents the first genetic variant with a broad impact on the risk of common type 2 diabetes [PMID 12145143]
Functional polymorphism in a STAT5B site of PPAR gamma 3 promoter region affects height and lipid homeostasis via the STAT5B pathway. [PMID 12588773]
p38 regulates PPARgamma expression and activity in term human trophoblasts. [PMID 16338464]
Inhibition of human chondrosarcoma cell growth via apoptosis by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. [PMID 11953889]
Differential effects of adiposity on messenger ribonucleic acid expression in human adipocytes [PMID 12213872]
Upregulation of the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators by human lung epithelial cells induced by monocyte/macrophage-derived microparticles is mediated by NF-kB activation through a PPAR-gamma dependent pathway. [PMID 21148223]
although the PPAR gamma Ala variant is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, it may increase the risk of cognitive impairment in individuals once diabetes has developed. [PMID 18639367]
PPARgamma binding site retention is increased by the presence of a C/EBPalpha consensus site, suggesting that C/EBPalpha may facilitate PPARgamma binding to DNA. [PMID 21410980]
PPARgamma is a target for induction of apoptosis in rheumatoid synovial cells [PMID 12065695]
We didn’t find evidence of interaction between PPARD and PPARG. No association was observed for analysed polymorphisms at CAPN5 or PPARG genes. [PMID 18657264]
results indicate that the stimulation of scavenger receptor class B type I(SR-B1) expression in the liver is mediated in part by activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and retinoid X receptor using thiazolidinediones [PMID 19156545]
Reconstituted Complex; Two-hybrid [PMID 10347167]
it was recently demonstrated that PPARgamma has cytoplasmatic activities, and therefore, the MEK-dependent shuttle may also represent a mechanism for control of the extra-nuclear/nongenomic actions of PPARgamma. [PMID 17611413]
Data show that PEDF inhibits the production of IL8 in human hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells, through PEDF receptor/phospholipase A2 regulation of NFkappaB and PPARgamma, and delays the growth of these cells in vitro. [PMID 21570865]
In atherogenesis, oxidized lipid-driven activation of macrophage PPARgamma in the intima may result in a proadhesive chemokine receptor switch-CCR2 off. [PMID 16908772]
Induction of 15-LOX-1-mediated down-regulation of a PPAR-gamma and COX-2 pathway by honokiol may be a promising therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer. [PMID 20649594]
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in PPARD modify the conversion from glucose intolerance to type 2 diabetes particularly in combination with polymorphisms in PPARG. [PMID 16804087]
Inhibition of chemotaxis by PPAR-gamma ligands correlated with decreases in extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 activation, actin polymerization, and adherence to a fibrinogen substrate. [PMID 18535203]
conclude that the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-gamma2 gene was associated with increased ox-LDL autoantibodies in type 2 diabetic subjects [PMID 12601635]
PPARgamma gene polymorphism is associated with exercise-mediated changes of insulin resistance in healthy men. [PMID 12601634]
This population-based study demonstrates that the Pro12Ala polymorphism resulting in an amino acid exchange in the N-terminal sequence of PPARgamma may influence the onset of MS. [PMID 18977277]
in polycystic ovary patients, the PPAR-gammaPro12Ala and the PGC-1alpha Gly482Ser polymorphism may modulate the concentrations of serum HDL levels and postprandial 2-hour insulin level, respectively [PMID 20130411]
PPAR gamma2 exon 2 and exon 6 gene polymorphism is not associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy in Turkish type 2 diabetic patients. [PMID 17681394]
a novel p53-dependent mechanism in the PPARgamma ligand-mediated inhibition of cholangiocarcinoma growth and suggest a potential therapeutic role of PPARgamma ligands in the treatment of human cholangiocarcinoma. [PMID 12829999]
Observational study of genotype prevalence, gene-disease association, and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 15739197]
Homozygote CC genotype of the PPARgamma C161T polymorphism might be associated with an increased coronary heart disease risk especially in patients with diabetes. [PMID 21833536]
Alterations in inflammatory serum markers appear Ato be a feature of polycystic ovary syndrome, and are independent of PPAR gamma variants. [PMID 18680073]
both PPARgamma and its coactivator PGC-1 play important roles in the development and progression of breast cancer [PMID 15254719]
PPARgamma functions as an antimicrobial factor by maintaining constitutive epithelial expression of a subset of beta-defensin in the colon [PMID 20421464]
Frequent polymorphism of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma gene in colorectal cancer containing wild-type K-ras gene. [PMID 11956653]
Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPAR-gamma2 plays a dynamic and interactive role in the regulation of BMI and glucose homeostasis [PMID 16678327]
PGC-1alpha exerted its effect through a PPARgamma-dependent pathway. [PMID 17372612]
Inducing recombinant expression or activating PPARgamma using thiazolinediones decreases Abeta levels in conditioned medium. The Abeta clearance mechanism is induced by PPARgamma activation in primary murine-mixed glia and cortical neuronal cultures. [PMID 15574741]
The results indicated that nuclear receptors PPAR-gamma and PPAR-alpha are involved in the regulation of inflammatory mediator production. [PMID 21785974]
Hypothesized interaction between cod liver oil and PPARG2 polymorphism in reducing type 1 diabetes risk is not supported. [PMID 18211635]
The effects of the PPAR-gamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism on glucose and insulin metabolism may be modified by prenatal exposure to famine during midgestation. [PMID 16644636]
PRMT2 interacts with PPAR-gamma. [PMID 12039952]
results for a sample of Iranian type 2 diabetes cases and controls provide evidence that the Pro/Ala genotype of the PPARgamma-2 gene is associated with insulin sensitivity and may also have protective role against type 2 diabetes [PMID 17439324]
the roles of PPARgamma and the actions of PPARgamma ligands in the cardiovascular system [PMID 11872377]
Pro12Ala of this gene is associated with lower serum insulin levels in nonobese African Americans [PMID 12765972]
involvement of PPARgamma1 in a myriad of physiological processes further confirms that microflora-driven regulation might be important for a number of homeostatic strategies in the gut [PMID 18234854]
analysis of ligand-escape pathways from the ligand-binding domain of PPARgamma receptor [PMID 17929009]
Changed expression of downstream PPARgamma targets after stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) knockdown suggests that PPARgamma up-regulation of SCD leads to increased lipogenesis and potentiation of adiponectin signaling. [PMID 18697866]
Expression of PAX8-PPAR gamma 1 rearrangements in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas. [PMID 12161538]
A new loss-of-function PPARG mutation, D424N, located in the ligand-binding domain of the protein, leads to familial partial lipodystrophy. [PMID 17766367]
polymorphisms in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are critical susceptibility risk factors for dyslipidemias and diabetes [review] [PMID 18388689]
these data underscore the role of PPAR-gamma in the control of human trophoblast differentiation and invasion, and suggest that overactivation could impair implantation and placentation and therefore embryonic development. [PMID 21704384]
Transfection of CD4-positive lymphocytes with PPARgamma small interfering RNA abolished telmisartan’s effect on migration, whereas blockade of the AT1R had no such effect. [PMID 18158351]
COX-2 immunopositivity was significantly associated with PPARbeta and PPARgamma immunoreactivity. [PMID 15811118]
Differential effect of variants in the development of type 2 diabetes between native Japanese and Japanese Americans. [PMID 12062858]
PPARalpha and gamma are activated, and COX-2 is suppressed by citral, a component of lemongrass oil [PMID 20656057]
Parvin-beta might influence breast cancer progression [PMID 17998334]
PPARG and LPIN1 gene polymorphisms role of these genes in lipid metabolism and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome [PMID 21263402]
Results show that PPARgamma expression is a general phenomenon, and its low level should not affect the efficiency of selective modulators in colon cancer treatment. [PMID 17611675]
Because PPARgamma(2) is mainly expressed in adipose tissue, one of the main regulatory effects of the polymorphism may well be the more efficient suppression of (possibly intra-abdominal) lipolysis. [PMID 12800106]
The P3 -681C>G, P2 -689C>T, and Pro12Ala polymorphisms in PPARG and related haplotypes were associated with higher body weight and plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations. [PMID 15896659]
The frequency of the Pro12Ala polymorphism observed in the sample of women from the Lower Silesian population was significantly higher than in the majority of European populations. [PMID 21853931]
PPARgamma may be a determinant of cell fate and is likely a target of the Wnt pathway in cancer cells. [PMID 15665104]
Results identify TRIP3 as a novel regulator of PPARgamma-mediated adipocyte differentiation. [PMID 19596656]
Current findings of PPARalpha and gamma open up the possibility of developing new therapeutic agents that modulate these nuclear receptors to control various inflammatory diseases. [PMID 18313368]
End stage renal patients had a higher prevalence of both the PPAR-gamma 161 CC and PPAR-gamma2 Pro12Pro genotypes than the general population (p<0.01). [PMID 16115480]
PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma activation stimulates neoangiogenesis in umbilical veins through a VEGF-dependent mechanism. [PMID 18268046]
Hypoxia-induced loss of function of PPAR-gamma reduces anti-inflammatory effects of PPAR-gamma activation, possibly modulating inflammatory responses in the diseased kidney. [PMID 17255125]
common genetic variation at the PPARG locus may play an important role in modulating the long-term control of asthma in children and young adults [PMID 17329993]
PPARG Ala allele showed a relatively high protective effect in developing hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia during a 6-year period. [PMID 16567542]
The antioxidant effect of PPARgamma is exclusively mediated by GPx3 and further imply that GPx3 may be a therapeutic target for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. [PMID 18936159]
PPARgamma and RAR play an important role in controlling the growth of leukemia cells via the up-regulation of PTEN [PMID 17483060]
Healthy men, in particular nonsmokers, carrying the Ala12 allele of PPARG rs1801282 polymorphism, have a high risk for metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. [PMID 19745552]
Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARgamma2 of patients with primary hypertension may not associate with cognitive impairment. [PMID 21265110]
PPAR is a nuclear hormone receptor and transcription factor that is essential for normal adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis. [PMID 21317313]
Activation of PPAR gamma protects cells from serum starvation-induced apoptosis in human T lymphoma cell lines; the survival effect is mediated through PPAR gamma actions on cellular metabolic activities. [PMID 16951334]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta agonist enhances vasculogenesis by regulating endothelial progenitor cells through genomic and nongenomic activations of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway [PMID 18711014]
Pro12Ala and His447His polymorphisms of PPAR-gamma are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. [PMID 19549442]
The activity of the Sprouty4 promoter is increased by Wnt7A/Frizzled 9 homolog (Fzd9) signaling through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in lung cancer cells. [PMID 20501643]
This study supports the hypothesis that the PPAR-gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is protective against diabetes in Caucasians but not in South Asians. [PMID 16644635]
PPARG polymorphism is the same in Korean women than in other previously studied races. [PMID 15846185]
Results evaluate simultaneous leptin and PPARgamma expression in colorectal adenomas in relation to BMI and characteristics of adenomas. [PMID 22363123]
differential regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in bladder cancer cells (peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, beta) [PMID 11980898]
TGF-beta1 downregulates AT1 receptor expression via PKC-delta-mediated Sp1 dissociation from KLF4 and Smad-mediated PPAR-gamma association with KLF4. [PMID 22282354]
Affinity Capture-Western; Co-localization [PMID 22282354]
Affinity Capture-Western; Reconstituted Complex [PMID 22282354]
An allelic variation correlates with type 2 diabetes in an Arab population. [PMID 16373923]
Variation in PPARG2 and HNF4A may interact to regulate insulin sensitivity in Mexican Americans at risk for type 2 diabetes. [PMID 18162503]
SNP and haplotypes of PPARD, PPARG and APM1 may underlie the genetic basis of the constitutions classified in traditional Chinese medicine. [PMID 20621019]
The proline 12 alanine substitution in the PPARgamma2 gene is associated with increased extent of coronary artery disease in men [PMID 19536733]
Carriers of C allele of PPARA gene and Ala allele of PPARG2 gene had higher diastolic BP. [PMID 15940190]
plays an important role in the differentiation of intestinal cells [PMID 12949056]
PPARg2 isoform prevents lipotoxicity by (a) promoting adipose tissue expansion, (b) increasing the lipid-buffering capacity of peripheral organs, and (c) facilitating the adaptive proliferative response of beta-cells to insulin resistance. [PMID 17465682]
altered activity of PPARgamma2 may correlate with decreased PPAR-mediated signaling [PMID 18578080]
PPARgamma/retinoid X receptor complex released from activated platelets in microparticles was internalized by a monocytic cell line. [PMID 18217139]
To our knowledge, these results are the first to present evidence that a PPAR-gamma agonist can modulate actin remodelling in monocytes, and may therefore be protective against microvascular damage in diabetes. [PMID 15950942]
PTEN and PPARgamma are up-regulated in leiomyoma tissues. Estradiol stimulates expression of PTEN and PPARgamma in leiomyoma cells, but not in normal cells. [PMID 20198337]
Activation of PPARgamma1 attenuates PMA-mediated PKCalpha cytosol to membrane translocation. [PMID 17325208]
The Y473A mutant is selectively stimulated by telmisartan but not TZDs, suggesting that telmisartan and TZDs have differential effects on the transcriptional control. [PMID 19147680]
PPAR/RXR pathway contribute to endometrial carcinogenesis. [PMID 22205725]
data suggest that, in oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, PPARgamma protects cells from oxidative stress through upregulating Bcl-2 expression [PMID 19540934]
BMP-7 ameliorates IgA nephropathy-derived polymeric IgA-induced TNF-alpha and TGF-beta synthesis in human mesangial cells through multiple mechanisms involving inhibitory Smads and PPAR-gamma. [PMID 18496506]
PPARgamma ligands increase visfatin gene expression in a PPARgamma-dependent manner in primary human resting macrophages and in adipose tissue macrophages, but not in adipocytes [PMID 20608974]
Sedentary alanine carriers more frequently had metabolic syndrome than sedentary patients with theproline12Pproline genotype in metabolic syndrome X in type 1 diabetes. [PMID 17351273]
decreased the production of matrix metalloproteinases, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in a pulpal inflammation [PMID 19345798]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 10872826]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 10872826]
Signaling via the canonical Wnt-beta-catenin pathway inhibits PPARgamma mRNA expression, whereas signaling via the noncanonical Wnt pathway results in activation of a histone methyltransferase SETDB1 that represses PPARgamma transactivation. [PMID 19581903]
In addition to its direct effect on renin gene transcription, PPARgamma "sensitizes" renin gene to cAMP via trans-activation of AC6 gene. [PMID 20861226]
Early atheroma-derived agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma trigger intramedial angiogenesis in a smooth muscle cell-dependent manner. [PMID 21885829]
In contrast to the PPARalpha, the PPARgamma and PPARdelta receptor isoforms were not activated by the epoxyalcohol. [PMID 17436029]
With RXR-alpha, forms a heterodimer involved in the regulation of human trophoblast invasion [PMID 12485829]
PPAR-gamma has a role in inhibiting angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer [PMID 15799829]
PPAR-gamma and COX-2 were both overexepressed in the skin lesions of condyloma acuminatum and bowenoid papulosis. [PMID 19627000]
Activation of PPARgamma by rosiglitazone attenuates intestinal Cl- secretion. [PMID 19443733]
The human renin Pal3 site appears to be critical for the PPARgamma-dependent regulation of gene expression. [PMID 18483152]
The +294T/C polymorphism in the PPAR-delta gene is associated with risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in dyslipidemic women and hypercholesterolemic men. [PMID 20645257]
ERK5-dependent activation of PPARgamma represents a major effector pathway mediating the anti-tumorigenic effects of Wnt 7a and Fzd 9 in non-small cell lung cancer cells [PMID 16835228]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 15047147]
PPARgamma represses human SHBG expression in liver cells. [PMID 19179433]
There were no associations between low birth weight and blood lipids in any of the PPARgamma2 genotypes. [PMID 19000312]
Finds reduced colon cancer risk with high lutein intake, low refined grain intake, or high prudent diet score and PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism. Finds rectal cancer risk increased among those with PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism and high mutagen index. [PMID 15894676]
Results suggest that activation of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) may represent a novel approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer by increasing PTEN levels and inhibiting PI3K activity. [PMID 12535639]
These findings suggest that estradiol potentially upregulates eosinophil PPARgamma expression in vitro, although some other mechanisms might be involved in its regulation in vivo. [PMID 19494505]
Mevastatin inhibits the differentiation of TAO derived orbital preadipocytes by blocking PPAR-gamma mRNA expression. [PMID 20543477]
PPARgamma expression is reduced or lacking in all of the angiogenic plexiform lesions of pulmonary hypertensive lungs and in the vascular lesions of a rat model of severe PH (pulmonary hypertension). [PMID 12714563]
Lack of PPARgamma in alveolar macrophages of transgenic mice disrupts lung homeostasis and results in a T helper cell (Th)1-like inflammatory response with up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and other inflammatory mediators in the lung. [PMID 19380830]
PPARgamma and Th2 cytokines (IL4, IL10) have roles in low-intensity exercise enhancement of expression of markers of alternative activation in circulating leukocytes [PMID 20723894]
Downregulation of XIAP and activation of capase-3 play an important role in mediating the PPAR-gamma-dependent cell death. [PMID 19787196]
Regression analysis confirmed the association of the Pro12Ala mutation of the PPARgamma gene with normal but not with overweight/obesity among Type 2 diabetes patients. [PMID 18250615]
The polymorphisms of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (Pro12Ala) and its coactivator-1 (Gly482Ser) genes were investigated among 201 Chinese Han women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) [PMID 16600233]
The expression level of PPARg in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients were much higher than chronic liver failure patients, chronic hepatitis B patients and normal controls. [PMID 22152242]
The frequency of PPARG-ht2 was significantly lower in the patients with asthma while the frequency of PPARG-ht1 was significantly higher in the patients with asthma compared to the normal controls [PMID 19217272]
PXR and LXR polymorphisms, but not NF-kB or PPARgamma, may contribute to risk of IBD, especially among never smokers [PMID 21245992]
results suggest that adiposity in children is influenced by the Pro12Ala polymorphism in a gender specific manner. [PMID 19634985]
Results show that a marked attenuation of PPAR-gamma levels and transcriptional activity in a subset of patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc. [PMID 21072170]
Upregulated by pioglitazone in type 2 diabetes. [PMID 15220243]
An assay using unlabeled probes and the LightCycler or Rotor-Gene instruments was developed for genotyping of PPARG, PPARGC1A and transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) polymorphisms. [PMID 18996470]
inhibition of miR-27b, which was induced upon LPS exposure, partially reversed PPARgamma1 mRNA decay, whereas miR-27b overexpression decreased PPARgamma1 mRNA content [PMID 20164187]
the effect of interaction between genotype and the ratio of polyunsaturated:saturated (P:S) fatty acid intake on plasma lipids [PMID 21949049]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 10848596]
Pro/Ala genotype in Taeeumin increases almost 15-fold the susceptibility to ischemic stroke compared to other constitutional types, Taeyangin, Soyangin or Soeumin (OR= 14.72; p = 0.0110) [PMID 17359638]
This study was conducted to determine whether PPARgamma1 serves as a molecular link between the physiological actions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in human colon cancer cells (HT-29). [PMID 18203887]
The polymorphism (Pro12Ala) of this receptor beneficially influences insulin resistance and its tracking from childhood to adulthood. [PMID 12716762]
These findings suggest an involvement of PPARgamma in the onset and development of ovarian carcinoma and provide an insight into the regulation of this molecule in the progression of the disease. [PMID 15583697]
Significant association of single nucleotide polymorphism within three genes–PPARgamma, SOS2, and PCK1–with Alzheimer’s disease, was confirmed. [PMID 17440948]
Small body weight at birth may program lower fat-free mass in adolescents carrying the Ala12 allele in the PPARgamma-2 gene. [PMID 17805195]
Gene-diet interactions were also found for PPARgamma P12A polymorphism with saturated fat intake. [PMID 21487230]
hPPAR gamma1(tr) is expressed strongly in tumorous tissues of primary human lung SCC and its overexpression renders transfected cells more resistant to chemotherapeutic drug- and chemical-induced cell death. [PMID 17473186]
CT/TT genotype with PPARgamma gene polymorphism may contribute to higher body mass index and higher serum triglyceride level in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. [PMID 15543562]
PPAR-gamma is induced in prostate cancer; PPAR-gamma ligands may mediate its antiproliferative effect against prostate cancer cells through differentiation [PMID 11948965]
The anticancer effects of ciglitazone may not depend solely on PPARgamma activation. [PMID 18579355]
Evaluation of PPAR gamma and delta expression is useful for predicting postoperative mortality in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery. [PMID 19283612]
PPARgamma was expressed in HT-29 cells and PPARgamma activation could inhibit cell growth through inducing apoptosis and suppressing the cell cycle [PMID 17532820]
Neither the maternal nor the offspring’s Pro/Ala PARG2 genotype is associated with the genesis of gestational diabetes mellitus. [PMID 20450751]
Ala12 variation carriers had a 19% type 2 diabetes risk reduction, but this association was highly heterogeneous. [PMID 17495182]
Data describe the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) co-activator 1, PPAR gamma, insulin receptor substrate-1, glucose transporter isoform-4, and mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 in adipose tissue. [PMID 12565902]
The expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and expression of the three isoforms of PPARs in an immortalized cell line of human retinal pigment epithelial cells, were investigated. [PMID 20238044]
The 1.9A crystal structure ofPPARgamma C285S mutant LBD, which is bound to 15d-PGJ2 in the covalent modification-independent manner was determined. [PMID 19101554]
Pro12Ala variant of proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 is associated with an increased mean 24-h diastolic blood pressure in obese diabetic patients [PMID 16625233]
Chronic treatment (4 days) with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonist troglitazone increased palmitate accumulation, normalizing uptake in T2D cells. [PMID 15727952]
Carriers of PPARgamma2 Ala allele had higher BMI and fat-mass but not a worse metabolic profile, possibly because of a more favorable adipose tissue distribution. A gene interaction exists between Pro12Ala and ACE I/D on BMI and fat mass. [PMID 22168210]
CHOP and PPARgamma may represent critical mechanistic links between ribotoxic stress and proinflammatory cytokine production [PMID 20889551]
Data show that troglitazone induced the expression of PPARgamma in the nuclear of PC-3 cells, but not in LNCaP cells. [PMID 21613824]
cPLA(2) plays a critical role in PPAR-mediated gene transcription in HepG2 cells [PMID 11897617]
The +A2962G of PPARGC1A and the 3 polymorphisms of PPARG were not associated with diabetic nephropathy. [PMID 19900151]
Tumor expression of PPARG is independently associated with longer survival of patients. PPARG expression appears to mark an indolent subset of colorectal cancers. [PMID 19186181]
mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma are not altered during fasting. [PMID 12397391]
Troglitazone, a PPARgamma agonist, induced antiproliferation and redifferentiation in thyroid cancer cell lines. [PMID 15785241]
PPAR-gamma induces pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis [PMID 11554760]
Considerably lower PPARG activity is found in visceral than in subcutaneous primary human adipocytes. [PMID 17106695]
There is no evidence of a role for PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism in endometrial cancer susceptibility or in mediating circulating estrone levels. [PMID 15608564]
PPARgamma accelerates cellular senescence; phosphorylation of PPARgamma decreased with increased cell passage [PMID 18544633]
PPARgamma stimulation prevented activation of two GTPases, Rac1 and RhoA, which correlated with decreased monocyte adhesion to and migration across brain endothelium. [PMID 18209083]
Down-regulation of peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-gamma is associated with local recurrence and metastasis in breast cancer [PMID 12866036]
a V290M mutation, observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus, adversely affects the binding of the secondary peptide to PPARgamma [PMID 15558556]
lack of association of codon 12 polymorphism with breast cancer and body mass [PMID 12439219]
Pro12Ala variant of the PPAR gamma was associated with rheumatoid arthritis. [PMID 19199260]
PPARG2 SNPs revealed a significant association with type 2 diabetes [PMID 18598350]
although activation of PPARgamma appears to have beneficial effects on atherosclerosis and heart failure, it is still largely uncertain whether PPARgamma ligands prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases-REVIEW [PMID 12861348]
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy were not associated with the leptin, leptin receptor, and PPARgamma2 polymorphisms studied. [PMID 20070288]
PPARgamma participates in the regulation of caveolin 1 and 2 gene expression in human carcinoma cells. [PMID 12813462]
Data show that PPARgamma-mediated gene transcription was repressed by Vpr produced as a consequence of direct infection of adipocytes and in turn suppress differentiation of preadipocytes. [PMID 17932108]
Glucose intolerance is associated with increased glycoxidation of circulating low density lipoproteins, which may contribute to the incireased expression of PPARG AND C36 in macrophages . [PMID 17380316]
The rare allele of His447His of PPARG showed significant association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease outcome. In haplotype analysis the GC haplotype of PPARG conferred reduced risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. [PMID 21044285]
These results suggest that the Pro/Ala genotype of PPAR-gamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism may be associated with reduced risk for ischemic stroke. [PMID 17084528]
could not find an association of L162V PPAR-alpha, C161T PPAR-gamma and A(39526)AA RXR-alpha gene polymorphisms with angiographic in-stent restenosis or major cardiac events. [PMID 20070029]
results indicate that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) C161–>T polymorphism may reduce the risk of severe atherogenesis by modulation of adipose metabolism [PMID 20334678]
Review. In vitro studies suggest that PPAR gamma is a master regulator of adipogenesis. Human PPAR gamma mutations/polymorphisms and its role in diabetes are reviewed. [PMID 15673477]
In this study, no association is seen between the Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPAR gamma 2 gene and the type 2 diabetes in Qatar. [PMID 17805473]
These results indicate that melanocyte growth and apoptosis may be modulated through PPAR-gamma and that ciglitazone, a PPAR-gamma activator, inhibits growth of human melanocytes by inducing apoptosis. [PMID 16474974]
findings show that PPAR-gamma is involved in the regulation of SOCS-7 expression by hepatitis C virus core protein genotype 3a [PMID 20357037]
epistatic effects of five candidate genes, including ADIPOQ, ENPP1, GHSR, PPAR and TCF7L2, are significantly associated with the risk of DN amongst Taiwanese T2D individuals. [PMID 19506043]
Japanese with the Ala12 allele had a significantly lower value of carotid artery intima-media thickness than those without it. [PMID 14581158]
the PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism might represent a genetic susceptibility factor for preterm birth and constitute a link between preterm birth and metabolic diseases later in life. [PMID 17259396]
Rev-Erbalpha as a target gene of PPARgamma in adipose tissue and demonstrate a role for this nuclear receptor as a promoter of adipocyte differentiation. [PMID 12821652]
adipose tissue peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma1 mRNA concentration is positively regulated by eicosapentaenoic acid [PMID 12055328]
PPARgamma agonists have diverging and overlapping mechanisms blocking transactivation of transcription factors NF-kappaB and C/EBPbeta. [PMID 17785586]
Human PPAR-gamma plays a critical physiological role as a central transcriptional regulator of both adipogenic and lipogenic programs. Its transcriptional activity is induced by the binding of endogenous and synthetic lipophilic ligands. [review] [PMID 18836859]
the human AACS promoter is a PPARgamma target gene and this nuclear receptor is recruited to the AACS promoter by direct interaction with Sp1 [PMID 20102333]
inverse association between the PPARgamma variant 12Ala allele and risk of type 2 diabetes. [PMID 14514601]
Mutation of a single conserved residue in a patient with familial partial lipodystrophy subtype 3 can disrupt the function of the adipogenic transcription factor PPARgamma on multiple levels. [PMID 17312272]
PPAR-gamma may play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis related to the production of IL-6 and some other cytokines. [PMID 12620489]
the examined polymorphisms and haplotypes of the PPARgamma gene are unlikely to be associated with susceptibility to osteonecrosis of the femoral head. [PMID 18182855]
The role of PPARgamma coregulators in adipogenesis and especially on the role of PPARgamma coregulators in white and brown adipose tissue, is discussed. [PMID 20600006]
Affinity Capture-Western; Reconstituted Complex [PMID 11696534]
Affinity Capture-Western; Reconstituted Complex [PMID 12479814]
Two-hybrid [PMID 11792840]
Observational study and meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 20490451]
Four crystal structures of the PPARgamma ligand binding domain (LBD) covalently bound to endogenous fatty acids via a unique cysteine, which is reportedly critical for receptor activation, are presented. [PMID 18977231]
subjects with the Ala 12 allele of PPARgamma2 had a significant increase in adiponectin levels with weight loss induced by heavy exercise [PMID 16230789]
The PPAR gamma Pro12Ala and C1431T polymorphisms are associated with increased adiposity during early childhood in a gender- and age-specific manner and independently of the PPAR delta T+294C polymorphism [PMID 18379566]
a functional relationship between Zac and PPARgamma that could be relevant to the understanding of tumorigenesis and diabetes as well. [PMID 17178896]
HIV-1 Tat-interacting protein 60 (Tip60) as a novel positive regulator of PPARgamma transcriptional activity. [PMID 18096664]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 18096664]
Higher frequency of C–>T substitution in exon 6 of PPAR-gamma gene in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). May play role in complex pathogenesis of obesity in PCOS. Pro(12)Ala polymorphism does not seem to affect body mass index in PCOS women. [PMID 14671186]
New troglitazone derivatives devoid of PPARgamma agonist activity display an increased antiproliferative effect in both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent breast cancer cell lines. [PMID 20054646]
Carriers of the G allele (Ala) of the Pro12Ala variant had a borderline increased relative risk of pancreatic cancer compared with homozygous carriers of the C allele (Pro). [PMID 19436234]
the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in high-fat diet induced-obesity and insulin resistance by gene targeting and case-control study using the common PPARgamma2 polymorphism [PMID 11872365]
Studies indicate that PPARgamma activation inhibits PRB activity through both acute (phosphorylation) and long-term (PRB degradation) pathways. [PMID 20484415]
PPARgamma can reduce plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 production in vascular endothelial cells directly by transcriptional repression. [PMID 14581151]
we reported for the first time that PPARgamma directly activates FasL promoter gene inducing apoptotic events in breast cancer cells. [PMID 18293083]
PPAR-gamma and IL-13 might participate in the pathogenesis of acute ITP. [PMID 19470259]
The present data indicate that down-regulation of MMP and proteasome activities constitutes a novel mechanism of PPAR-induced protections against HIV-induced disruption of brain endothelial cells. [PMID 19141539]
A specific induction of autophagy by PPAR gamma activation in breast cancer cells providing an understanding of distinct roles of PPAR gamma in tumorigenesis, is shown. [PMID 19563910]
Observational study and genome-wide association study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 17903300]
the net result of the pleiotropic effects of PPAR-gamma ligands is improvement of insulin sensitivity, although undesired side-effects limit the utility of this therapy [review] [PMID 15165749]
Combined with abdominal obesity, epistasis in the VLDL pathway (lipoprotein lipase, apolipoprotein CIII, hepatic lipase, PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and apo E genes) has a deleterious effect on fasting triglycerides and coronary artery disease risk profile [PMID 17342071]
PPARgamma is essential for the in vivo survival of mature adipocytes. [PMID 15070754]
menopausal women with the Pro/Ala PPAR gamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma)genotype had a higher BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and fasting glucose than the group with the Pro/Pro genotype [PMID 18551086]
stimulation of CYP27A1 by PPARgamma may represent a key previously unrecognized mechanism by which PPARgamma protects against atherosclerosis [PMID 15533057]
Lack of association between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-2 gene variants and the occurrence of coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. [PMID 11916624]
cross-regulation of CD36 by PXR and PPARgamma suggests that this fatty acid transporter may function as a common target of orphan nuclear receptors in their regulation of lipid homeostasis [PMID 16556603]
Candidate gene sequencing showed that all four affected subjects were heterozygous for a novel T–>A mutation at PPARG nucleotide 1164 in exon 5 that predicted substitution of phenylalanine at codon 388 by leucine (F388L). [PMID 12453919]
signaling through PPAR-gamma can mediate transitional differentiation of urothelial cells, modulated by growth regulatory programs [PMID 15111325]
This sample did not replicate the direct association of the PPARG Pro12Ala allele with diabetes status or preserved cognitive function. The data did suggest that risk of cognitive decline is greater when Pro12Ala carriers contract diabetes. [PMID 18280041]
XOR promotes the inflammatory state of mononuclear phagocytes through effects on chemokine expression, PPARgamma SUMOylation, and HIF-1alpha [PMID 21059659]
polymorphisms of the PPARg gene are not associated with the incidence of restenosis and adverse clinical events at 30 days or 1 year after coronary artery stenting in patients with diabetes mellitus. [PMID 15156314]
Relationship between intake of trans fatty acids and type 2 diabetes in PPARG2 single nucleotide polymorphism carriers. [PMID 15333496]
there is a significantly higher frequency of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (Ala12) allele in obese Asian Indians with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) when compared to obese Asian Indians without OSA [PMID 21508507]
Overexpression of PPAR-gamma in PPAR-gamma-null NK cells reduces IFN-gamma gene expression, but PPAR-gamma expression and activation has no effect on NK cell cytolytic activity [PMID 15265789]
The Pro12Ala polymorphism was more associated with plasma lipids and fasting glucose concentrations, whereas the C1431T polymorphism was related to the risk of diabetes. [PMID 14729856]
Here we compare the molecular phenotypes of two previously identified PPARgamma mutations: P467L, reported to be dominant negative; and F388L, reported to be devoid of dominant-negative activity. [PMID 17227883]
Pro12Ala PPARgamma2 polymorphismallele protects against the development of type 2 diabetes. [PMID 16362285]
the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARG gene is not associated with serum adiponectin levels in Asian Indians [PMID 17335469]
PPARgamma contributes to PKM2 and HK2 expression in fatty liver [PMID 22334075]
Association of the Pro12Ala polymorphism with 3-year incidence of type 2 diabetes and body weight change in the Finnish diabetes Prevention Study [PMID 12145174]
observation strongly supports the implication of the PPARG Pro12Ala in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in a Russian population [PMID 20368233]
Data found no convincing genetic link between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. An association of PPARG (rs1801282/Pro12Ala) could be consistent with its known function in inflammation. [PMID 19455305]
PPARgamma activation can be regulated by dietary factors such as probiotic oligosaccharides; PPARgamma is involved in regulation of expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein 3 in intestinal mucosa by dietary components [PMID 21451128]
apoptotic cells induce PPARgamma sumoylation to attenuate the removal of NCoR, thereby blocking transactivation of NF-kappaB. [PMID 18832723]
induction of apoptosis by troglitazone may, at least in part, be mediated by targeting POX gene expression for generation of ROS by POX both by PPARgamma-dependent and -independent mechanisms [PMID 16303758]
PPARgamma regulates pdx-1 transcription in beta-cells [PMID 18718916]
Our results indicated that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma rs1801282 C/C genotype and smoking were significant independent risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [PMID 21939732]
inhibition of beta-catenin and in effect c-myc expression through activation of PPARgamma may help prostate cancer cells to restore several characteristics of normal prostate cells phenotype [PMID 17466258]
PPARgamma immunoreactivity is considered to be a new clinicopathological parameter of human prostate cancer [PMID 19432669]
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) enhanced MHC II activation and COL1A2 repression by IFN-gamma while rescuing the antagonism by TGF-beta in a CIITA-dependent manner in human aortic smooth muscle cells. [PMID 19358337]
The PPARgamma Pro12Ala Pro/Pro and resistin SNP-420 G/G genotypes were associated with plasma resistin in the Japanese population. [PMID 19178525]
PPARG polymorphisms are not likely to constitute a significant risk factor for the development of melanoma among German Caucasians. [PMID 16713673]
Observational study of genotype prevalence, gene-disease association, and gene-gene interaction. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 14574455]
Results suggest that PAR-1622 is a selective partial activator of PPARgamma and has excellent antihyperglycemic activities and a broad safety profile for fluid retention. [PMID 19471887]
Carriers of the 12Ala allele of PPARgamma have less widespread coronary artery disease and are protected against 10-year (cardio)vascular morbidity and mortality. [PMID 19228871]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and ligands inhibit surfactant protein B gene expression in the lung [PMID 12829715]
PPARgamma, turns on retinoic acid synthesis by inducing the expression of retinol and retinal metabolizing enzymes such as retinol dehydrogenase 10 and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase type 2. [PMID 16982809]
We found that Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPAR-gamma2 was not directly correlated with dementia among Chinese nonagenarians and centenarians [PMID 20640553]
Circulating angiogenic cells in diabetic angiopaathy is a multistage process requiring sequential activation of transcriptional factors, including STAT5 and PPARG. [PMID 18927468]
PPARdelta may serve as a more potent therapeutic target than PPARgamma in atherosclerosis or inflammatory therapy [PMID 19395102]
Conclude that PPARgamma activation is essential to elicit the anti-carcinogenic action of herbal isoprenols in colonic cancer cells. [PMID 18608213]
A small-angle X-ray scattering analysis of the oligomeric state of hPPARgamma alone and in the presence of retinoid X receptor (RXR), is reported. [PMID 22363753]
Vitamin E treatment also led to increased expression of a known PPARgamma target gene involved in terminal keratinocytes differentiation, the transglutaminase-1. [PMID 16530159]
We demonstrated a significant association between PPARgamma polymorphisms and the development of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis at single loci level and also in haplotype combinations. [PMID 21710534]
Ala12 variant of PPARgamma affords protection from Type 2 diabetes, and this protection is modulated by additional common variation at the PPARG locus. [PMID 14730381]
Two-hybrid [PMID 15604093]
Two-hybrid [PMID 15604093]
Two-hybrid [PMID 15604093]
Two-hybrid [PMID 15604093]
Two-hybrid [PMID 15604093]
FRET; Reconstituted Complex; Two-hybrid [PMID 15604093]
Two-hybrid [PMID 15604093]
Expression of PPARgamma was increased to greatest degree by highly-oxLDL. DNA binding activity of PPARgamma was increased only by mildly- and moderately-oxLDL. [PMID 12801610]
White tea extract induces apoptosis via PPAR gamma and 15-lipoxygenases. [PMID 20668019]
lack of the PAX8/PPAR gamma rearrangement in the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma group suggests that the tumorigenic pathway in these tumors is likely to be independent of this fusion [PMID 12970322]
Study demonstrates that human intestinal cell BCMO1 expression is dependent on the functional cooperation between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and myocyte enhancer factor 2 isoforms. [PMID 16504037]
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) induces functional PPARgamma in bladder tumor cells in vivo and in vitro, being these receptors intrinsically involved in the antitumor activity of BCG [PMID 16391825]
More than half of the tissues from RCC patients had low expression of PPARgamma mRNA, and such carcinomas might have more aggressive behavior. [PMID 16643621]
Stimulation with advanced glycation end products decreased endothelial PPAR-gamma expression in saphenous vein endothelial cells cultured from diabetic patients. [PMID 19405075]
findings suggest lowered brain weight of PKU patients may thus be the result of reduced neuroblast proliferation caused by phenylalanine-induced stimulation of PPARgamma receptors [PMID 18755275]
Reprot the cytoprotective effect of tauroursodeoxycholate on hepatocyte apoptosis induced by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand. [PMID 17868335]
BCAS2 interacts with PPAR-gamma. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between human BCAS2 and PPAR-gamma from an unspecified species. [PMID 15694360]
Role for PPARgamma gene polymorphism in pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Presence of Ala isoform being protective against development of PCOS. [PMID 12615821]
Pax8-PPARG fusion protein and Pten synergistically cause thyroid hyperplasia in transgenic mice. [PMID 19797117]
These results suggest that relaxin activates PPARgamma activity and increases the overall response in the presence of PPARgamma agonists, and that this activation is dependent on the presence of RXFP1. [PMID 19712722]
There is a novel mechanism via CXCR2 induction by PPAR-gamma that can enhance the immune response in human macrophages. [PMID 18292390]
15d-PGJ(2)-induced changes were related to functional alteration of the glucocorticoid receptor and did not require the engagement of PPARgamma [PMID 15187150]
strong expression of PPARgamma in human pituitary adenomas and its possible involvement in control of cell proliferation in these tumors [PMID 16201313]
In whites from Italy the PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism interacts with gender in modulating BMI, thereby replicating some, but not all, earlier data obtained in different populations. [PMID 18388889]
high expression level of PPARgamma significantly correlated with long-term survival of breast cancer. [PMID 19495794]
PAX8-PPARgamma disrupts normal transcriptional regulation by stimulating some genes and inhibiting others, the net effect of which may mediate follicular thyroid cell growth and loss of differentiation. [PMID 16179407]
There is a major role for STAT5a in the differentiation of keratinocytes, where it contributes to involucrin expression by activating the PPARgamma signal. [PMID 17330131]
Results suggest that granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor regulates lung homeostasis via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-dependent pathways. [PMID 12805087]
Activation of endothelial PPAR-gamma has a potent anti-inflammatory role. [PMID 12107164]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma does not appear to be an important modifier gene in polycystic ovary syndrome [PMID 17141766]
Endothelial PPAR gamma is a critical mediator of vascular function; its loss through dominant-negative interference in the aorta of transgenic mice causes endothelial dysfunction through a mechanism involving oxidative stress. [PMID 18676352]
analysis of PPARgamma ligand modulated antagonism by genomic and non-genomic actions of PPARdelta [PMID 19756148]
The expression of the human PPARgamma gene is controlled by RORalpha1. [PMID 11554739]
Leukotriene E4 activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and induces prostaglandin D2 generation by human mast cells [PMID 18411276]
The Ala allele of the Pro12Ala polymorphism has been associated with a protective effect against type 2 diabetes mellitus but only in populations with a diet rich in lipids [PMID 17434720]
we describe a family in which five individuals with severe insulin resistance, but no unaffected family members, were compound heterozygous with respect to frameshift/premature stop mutations in two unlinked genes, PPARG and PPP1R3A [PMID 12118251]
PPAR-gamma may play a role in prostate carcinogenesis; however, the Pro12Ala polymorphism does not appear to play a significant role in prostate cancer risk in this large cohort of male Finnish smokers. [PMID 12609711]
Primary pioglitazone failure in Asian Indian type 2 diabetics cannot be explained on the basis of Pro12Ala polymorph of PPAR-gamma gene. [PMID 20112822]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists inhibit HIV-1 replication in macrophages by transcriptional and post-transcriptional effects. [PMID 11847231]
Observational study, meta-analysis, and HuGE review of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 15972940]
LMO4 protects neurons from ischemic brain injury, in part through its requirement as an essential cofactor of PPAR gamma [PMID 19020036]
PPARgamma is involved in nasal polyposis pathogenesis, acting on eosinophils and T cells. [PMID 21646797]
analysis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 genotype showed that leptin levels were determined by the Pro12Ala mutation in type-2 diabetic women but not in men [PMID 12218380]
negative regulatory function for PPARgamma on cytokine and MMP production together with inhibition of cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses in rheumatoid synovial cells [PMID 12165097]
Colon OCTN2 gene expression is up-regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in humans and mice and contributes to local and systemic carnitine homeostasis. [PMID 20558736]
Activation of both PPARgamma and PPARalpha may contribute to the improvement in insulin sensitivity [PMID 15642120]
PPARG variation may underlie response to troglitazone therapy in women at risk for type 2 diabetes. [PMID 16249460]
PPARgamma regulates the function of human dendritic cells primarily by altering lipid metabolism. [PMID 17664351]
MKK4 deficiency increased peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPARgamma2) expression through noncanonical MKK4 substrates, and PPARgamma2 enhanced tumor cell invasion. [PMID 21896780]
Nuclear receptor corepressor-dependent repression of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor delta-mediated transactivation [PMID 11903058]
RGZ and CGZ inhibited profibrotic changes in TGF-beta1-stimulated A549 cells independently of inhibition of Smad phosphorylation. [PMID 20178607]
Polymorphisms in PPARG associated with increased weight and body mass index are also associated with low (poor) compensatory eating behavior. [PMID 17616777]
Gene variants of CDKAL1, PPARG, IGF2BP2, HHEX, TCF7L2, and FTO predispose to type 2 diabetes in the German KORA 500 K study population. [PMID 18597214]
In rosiglitazone-treated macrophages, PPAR-gamma mRNA expression was significantly lower while NF-kappaB P65, TIMP-1 and MMP-9 expression were significantly higher in acute coronary syndrome group than in controls. [PMID 20021931]
Report inhibition of human insulin gene transcription by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and thiazolidinedione oral antidiabetic drugs. [PMID 19338578]
there is an association between PPARG, KCNJ11, CDKAL1, CDKN2A-CDKN2B, IDE-KIF11-HHEX, IGF2BP2 and SLC30A8 and type 2 diabetes in the Chinese population [PMID 19862325]
PPARgamma is crucial for healthy pilosebaceous units and it is the loss of this function that triggers the pathogenesis of scarring alopecia and lichen planopilaris. [PMID 19052558]
Mediterranean diet seems to be able to reduce waist circumference in a high-cardiovascular risk population, reversing the negative effect that the 12Ala allele carriers of the PPARgamma gene appears to have. [PMID 19267951]
Expression of dominant-negative PPARgamma reverses transcriptional activation of 15-lipoxygenase-2 promoter by enhancing it 202-fold in normal prostate epithelial cells or suppressing it in prostate carcinoma cells. [PMID 16682954]
Interaction effect between PPARgamma gene (PPARG) polymorphisms Pro12Ala and 1431C>T and fat intake on incident T2D and BMI in a 9-year prospective cohort drawn from the French general population [PMID 21540831]
The proline allele at PPARG P12A increases risk for diabetes in persons with impaired glucose tolerance but has little or no effect on the beneficial response to troglitazone. [PMID 17213274]
PPARG and KCNJ11 variants that are known to influence individual predisposition to type 2 diabetes do not appear to have pleiotropic effect on early growth [PMID 17994213]
effect of polymorphism on insulin sensitivity and metabolism; interactions with birth size [PMID 12086968]
These data demonstrate that PPARgamma activation skews human monocytes toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. [PMID 17681149]
we propose that PPAR-gamma gene has the inherent capacity to influence the lipid mediated inflammation process in atherosclerotic lesions. [PMID 16633734]
Observational study of genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 20437058]
Results provide evidence that human sperm express a functional peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-gamma whose activation influences sperm physiology. [PMID 16972250]
ulindac sulfide acts both as a PPARgamma agonist and a PPARdelta antagonist in an immortalized prostatic epithelial cell line. [PMID 16091736]
This study data suggested that SAA activated PPARgamma through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-dependent COX-2 expression. [PMID 20853849]
specific haplotype of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) polymorphisms is associated with an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome in a French general population [PMID 16186413]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 14761960]
MPG interacts with an unspecified isoform of PPARG (PPAR-gamma). This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between MPG from an unspecified species and PPARG from an unspecified species. [PMID 14761960]
The PPARG gene has been reported to be strongly associated with type-2 diabetes, but the present study did not support the hypothesis that the PPARG gene may also play an important role in the development of schizophrenia. [PMID 19560328]
Data show that GATA-2 expression by MSCs from AA patients was significantly lower than in normal subjects, and conversely, expression of PPARgamma was significantly higher in AA patients. [PMID 19772889]
PPAR gamma genetic mutation probably cause a subset of ulcerative colitis. [PMID 20591056]
There is no association between PPAR-gamma polymorphism and the occurence or severity of preeclampsia. [PMID 12324185]
pollen-derived PPE(1) modulate DC function via PPAR-gamma dependent pathways that lead to inhibition of NFkappaB activation and result in reduced dendritic cell IL-12P70 production and consecutive TH2 polarization [PMID 19454659]
PPARgamma has a role in inhibiting intestinal epithelial cell growth by regulating levels of TSC-22 [PMID 12468551]
PPARgamma overexpression in cultured cells dramatically reduced Abeta (amyloid-beta) secretion, affecting the expression of the APP (Abeta precursor protein) at a post-transcriptional level. [PMID 15946122]
regulatory role of PPAR-gamma in pigmentation and migration of human melanocytes [PMID 17222225]
These data suggest that PPARgamma activation represses FKN signaling. [PMID 19850645]
Reduced lipolysis as possible cause for greater weight gain in subjects with the Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARgamma2 [PMID 11845236]
data provide evidence for tumor-selective downregulation of NHE1 by activated PPARgamma [PMID 19887620]
findings show that a defective CFTR induces up-regulation of tissue transglutaminase (TG2) in tissues & cell lines; increased TG2 activity leads to functional sequestration of PPARgamma & increase of the classic parameters of inflammation [PMID 18490773]
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in PPARG and their association with plasma levels of resistin and the metabolic syndrome in a South Indian population are reported. [PMID 19805902]
Age-induced loss of PPARgamma/steroid receptor coactivator-1 interactions increased the binding of PPARgamma to the promoter of the adipogenic gene aP2. [PMID 19485965]
Studies indicate that the M1 macrophage phenotype is controlled by STAT1 and IRF5, whereas STAT6, IRF4 and PPARgamma regulate M2 macrophage polarization. [PMID 22025054]
Expression of PPARgamma in activated T-cells may regulate apoptosis & their immunological response in inflammation, depending on agonists released by near-by cells. [PMID 12714582]
PEDF induces macrophage apoptosis and necrosis through the signaling of PPARgamma. [PMID 17870167]
Monosodium urate crystals induced cells to increase VCAM1. Activation of the MAPK signal pathway and PPARG may contribute to this increase. [PMID 22366735]
A novel pathway is required that involves PPARgamma as a transcriptional regulator linking lipid metabolism and processing of lipid antigens, in complex with CD1d molecules, to invariant natural killer (NK)T cells. [PMID 21632707]
Upregulation of PPARgamma is associated with gastric carcinoma. [PMID 20715992]
The metabolic effects of 12Ala carriership were influenced by free fatty acids levels - the beneficial role of 12Ala was seen only in the presence of low concentration of plasma free fatty acids [PMID 18271689]
Results indicate that Neisseria lactamica plays an important role in suppressing pathogen-induced inflammation in the nasopharyngeal mucosa, mediated through TLR-1/2 stimulation, by activating PPAR-gamma and inhibiting NF-kappabeta activity. [PMID 21105983]
study suggests that Pro12Ala polymorphism of the proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene may be a modifier of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome [PMID 16785159]
Cardiovascular risk factors related to the PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism in patients with type 2 diabetes are gender dependent. [PMID 22017455]
The differential regulation of PPAR-gamma transcripts suggests that each transcript isoform may contribute to macrophage function. [PMID 16542739]
Simvastatin-induced CCR2 downregulation is mediated by signaling pathways involving PPAR- activation. [PMID 15781755]
Mutation of a zinc-binding amino acid of PPARgamma leads to an altered protein-DNA binding pattern, resulting in a partial loss of function, which in turn is associated with partial lipodystrophy [PMID 17356052]
PPARG3 gene variants were not associated with coronary artery disease and metabolic risk factors of coronary atherosclerosis in a Russian population. [PMID 20512451]
study examined the modification by peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma genotype of the association between energy expenditure, dietary polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio, and fasting insulin level, a measure of insulin resistance [PMID 14681835]
non-hydrolysed, oxidised phospholipids in oxLDL activate PPARgamma as a cellular defence mechanism against macrophage death [PMID 14550563]
Ligands of this receptor affect the expression of RAR beta in cancer cells [PMID 12839938]
findings strongly suggest that Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of PPARgamma may be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin-resistance, and present an opportunity for development of an improved generation of anti-diabetic drugs through PPARgamma [PMID 20651683]
significant contribution of the PPARgamma2(Pro12Ala) and eNOS(4a/b) gene polymorphisms to hypertensive risk in our population (odds ratio, 1.9 and 1.6, respectively), confirmed by multiple logistic regression analysis. [PMID 12923396]
decrease in lipid accumulation in apoE-transfected cells was associated with a strong downregulation of PPARs gamma1 and gamma2 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1. [PMID 19130493]
Association of this gene’s single nucleotide polymorphism with type 2 diabetes. [PMID 14988278]
the PAR-bZIP (bZIP, basic leucine zipper) family and E4BP4 are the main regulatory factors involved in oscillation of novel PPARgamma expression [PMID 20093779]
PPAR gamma signaling pathways mediate CD36 expression in response to oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL). [PMID 16407258]
Up-regulation of functional ABCG2 expression can be achieved via exogenous or endogenous activation of the lipid-activated transcription factor, PPAR gamma. [PMID 16785230]
Clinical trial of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 15759454]
linkage of malfunctioning Ala12-positive PPARgamma2 isoform to increased risk of alcoholic fatty liver disease patients to develop severe steatohepatitis and fibrosis indicates more prominent antiinflammatory impact of PPARgamma2 in progression of AFLD... [PMID 21155004]
15-lipoxygenase-1 exerts its tumor suppressive role by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B via activation of PPAR gamma [PMID 21544861]
fatty acid binding protein 4 and PPARgamma work together to influence a biologic pathway affecting insulin sensitivity and body composition [PMID 15015141]
C161T polymorphism of the PPAR-gamma gene is related to risk of colrectal cancer in an Indian population. [PMID 16108832]
Identify a positive cross-talk between PPARgamma and glucocorticoid receptor in human M2 macrophages via the induction of 11beta-HSD1 expression and activity. [PMID 22207732]
Activation of PPAR-gamma by atorvastatin is mediated solely by 15DPGJ(2), whereas pioglitazone activates PPAR-gamma both directly and indirectly via 15DPGJ(2) [PMID 17643887]
Data demonstrate that Egr-1, AP1 and Smad are part components of the transforming growth factor beta signal transduction pathway that regulates PPAR gamma expression. [PMID 12457461]
Data describe a BMPR2-mediated transcriptional complex between PPARgamma and beta-catenin, and suggest that apelin could be effective in treating PAH by rescuing BMPR2 and PAEC dysfunction. [PMID 21821917]
7-hydroxyandrosterone decreased the expression of PPARG. [PMID 18555503]
the ERalpha signalling pathway is disrupted by PPARgamma agonists [PMID 18204896]
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma stimulates the growth arrest and DNA-damage inducible 153 gene in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. [PMID 11948400]
Co-crystal Structure; Co-purification; Reconstituted Complex [PMID 10882139]
analysis of the molecular basis of PPAR gamma discrimination of various naturally occurring fatty acid derivatives [PMID 18604218]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma ligands can down-regulate iNOS DNA methylation [PMID 17492134]
Enhanced PPAR-gamma expression may correlate with the development of Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. [PMID 21473290]
Observational study of gene-disease association and genetic testing. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 16999948]
Knockdown of PPARgamma did not impair thiazolidinedione mediated downregulation of FoxM1 mRNA expression, providing further evidence that thiazolidinedione mediated downregulation of FoxM1 gene expression occurs in a PPARgamma-independent manner. [PMID 20372080]
CAP350 interacts with PPAR-gamma-2. [PMID 15615782]
a complex interplay of Sp1 and PPARgamma along with other transcription factors drives the expression of resistin in human monocytic U937 cells [PMID 20360975]
This study found no an association of PPARgamma2 gene polymorphisms with MS or obesity in our schizophrenia sample. [PMID 21095215]
results suggest that the peroxisome proliferative activated receptor-gamma 161CC genotype could be a genetic risk factor for adenomyosis and endometriosis [PMID 16725353]
Genetic polymorphism of PPARG is not associated with hypertension in diabetes mellitus, type 2. [PMID 15662218]
Effect of polymorphism and lifestlye changes on the increase in flow-mediated vasodilation and prevention of caardiovascular disease. [PMID 17415545]
PPARgamma is expressed in human endometrial carcinoma [PMID 16857792]
Results indicate that resveratrol prevents the impairment of advanced glycosylation end products on macrophage lipid homeostasis partially by suppressing RAGE via PPARgamma activation. [PMID 20372816]
PPARgamma ligands counteract leptin stimulatory effects on breast cancer growth in either in vivo or in vitro models [PMID 21704006]
2 common PPARG polymorphisms, namely P12A and c.1431C>T, were associated with carotid atherosclerosis in 161 Canadian aboriginal people. The PPARG A12 allele protects against deleterious phenotypes. [PMID 15284449]
PPARgamma and PPARdelta have roles in transcriptional activation of Spermidine/sperm-ine N1-acetyltransferase, which leads to reduced tissue polyamine contents in human colon cancer cells [PMID 14506281]
May be important in maintaining homeostasis in intrahepatic biliary epithelium. Reduction in bile ducts of primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC) liver may be associated with Th1-predominant milieu and with development of chronic cholangitis in PBC. [PMID 15880426]
Observational study of genotype prevalence and gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 17941898]
Suggest that PPAR-g Pro12Ala may affect blood lipid levels and the abdominal fat storage of diabetic Ugyurs and Kazaks and may be associated with fat storage and insulin resistance in Hans. [PMID 17941898]
PLA2-modified LDL transactivates macrophage PPARalpha and PPARdelta, but not PPARgamma. [PMID 19948841]
Common polymorphisms in this protein are associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. [PMID 12839942]
Variation in the PPARG locus may influence disease progression during the first year after the presentation of T1D. [PMID 18466209]
PPAR-gamma suppresses CYP11B2 expression/aldosterone secretion through calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase I, which may account for the suppressive effects of PPAR-gamma on vascular events associated with atherosclerosis and hypertension. [PMID 21106862]
n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase PPARG activity is necessary for cyclooxygenase-2 induction in a human keratinocyte cell line. [PMID 17459764]
PPARg, PPARd and LXRa are involved in the regulation of ABCA1 expression and HDL biogenesis in a cooperative signal transduction pathway [PMID 19201410]
CD36 signaling may inhibit stress- induced gene expression by suppressing translation via activation of PPARgamma in monocytes. [PMID 19116451]
Breast-feeding appears to counter the deleterious effect of the PPARG2 Pro12Ala polymorphism on anthropometric parameters in adolescents. [PMID 19846795]
PPARgamma is a quantitative trait locus for free fatty acid and glycerol, against a background of insulin resistance for adipose tissue lipid metabolism, and therefore as a modifier gene in familial combined hyperlipidemia. [PMID 14680975]
PPARgamma2 activation inhibited cyclin D1 transcription in hepatocytes via CREB-dependent and beta-catenin-independent pathways [PMID 14764597]
PPARG genotype is an important factor in physiological responses to dietary fat in humans. [PMID 14506127]
These data indicate that PPARG2 gene has a protective effect against the onset of osteoarthritis. [PMID 21245597]
PPARG is a candidate gene for high-altitude adaptation in the Chinese Tajik population. [PMID 19548113]
PPARgamma may be involved in the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and IUGR. [PMID 20045185]
The rs12497191 genotype could contribute to the incidence of non-traumatic hip fractures in the elderly. [PMID 21756892]
Pro 12Ala polymorphism of PPARgamma2 gene is associated with increase of the body mass index in patients with metabolic syndrome X. [PMID 18268966]
E-cadherin expression responds only to the combination treatment and not to single PPARgamma agonists, defining a new class of PPARgamma target genes [PMID 17015477]
Highest levels of PPARgamma were observed following treatment with a combination of oxysterols and lycopene, suggesting that NF-kappaB induced by oxysterols is associated with PPARgamma. [PMID 20573495]
Efavirenz caused a dose-dependent repression of adipocyte differentiation that was associated with down-regulation of the master adipogenesis regulator genes SREBP-1, PPARgamma, and C/EBPalpha. [PMID 21619898]
genetic association studies: A single nucleotide polymorphism in PPARG is linked to waist-to-hip ratio in the quilombos of Brazil, but is not directly linked to obesity/overweight. [PMID 21233811]
Synergistic interactions between heregulin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonist in breast cancer cells. [PMID 21467033]
that fatty acids and rosiglitazone directly stimulate transcription of the LRP gene through activation of PPARgamma and increase functional LRP expression. [PMID 12551936]
Represses vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression via a PPARgamma-responsive element (PPRE) in the VEGF gene promoter. [PMID 16400517]
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-gene interaction, and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 20889853]
The importance of the PPARgamma system in regulating cellular responses to oxidative stress was shwon. [PMID 16417216]
Carbon monoxide (from CORM-2) inhibits high glucose-induced ICAM-1 expression via AMP-activated protein kinase and PPAR-gamma activations in endothelial cells. [PMID 19524923]
stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity index after rosiglitazone in PPARgamma mutation supports a pivotal role of PPARgamma function in SCD regulation. [PMID 15855323]
the strong interaction of PGC-1alpha and PPARgamma is mediated through both hydrophobic and specific polar interactions. [PMID 18469005]
PPARG deficiency is due either to haploinsufficiency or to substantial activity loss due to dominant negative interference of the normal allele product’s function can each contribute to the FPLD3 phenotype. [PMID 16412238]
PPAR gamma protein expression was higher in H. pylori infected patients than in non-infected patients (3.8+/-0.4 vs. 2.6+/-1.0, H. pylori infected and non-infected, respectively; p<0.05 [PMID 17322785]
It is hereby concluded that 3p25 aneusomy or PAX8-PPARG translocation may play an important role in the molecular pathogenesis of follicular thyroid tumors [PMID 19963130]
MEK1 exports PPARgamma from the nucleus, and this finding was supported by small interfering RNA knockdown of MEK1 and use of a cell-permeable interaction-blocking peptide, which prevented tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-induced export of PPARgamma. [PMID 17101779]
PPARgamma’s pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative abilities appear to be triggered at least in part by the modulation of Skp2 [PMID 20734220]
The Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPARgamma2 gene is associated with obesity in Iranian subjects and the presence of the Ala allele could predict higher BMI. [PMID 19558269]
By abrogating of TGF beta-induced stimulation of collagen gene expression, myofibroblast transdifferentiation, and Smad-dependent promoter activity in normal fibroblasts, PPAR gamma may play a physiologic role in the regulation of the profibrotic response [PMID 15077315]
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-gamma(PPAR-g) disrupts Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-b) signaling and profibrotic responses in skin fibroblasts. [PMID 15077315]
Ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) such as pioglitazone (Pio) and rosiglitazone potentiated the cytotoxic action of Gem on human pancreatic cancer cells in a dosage-dependent manner. [PMID 22020928]
PPAR-gamma agonists and statin therapies have complementary effects in improving lipoprotein subfractions associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia. [PMID 22169113]
PPARgamma negatively controls multiple myeloma growth and viability in part through inhibition of interleukin-6 production by bone marrow stromal cells. [PMID 18927280]
the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARgamma-2 gene promotes peripheral deposition of adipose tissue and increased insulin sensitivity for a given BMI. [PMID 12370112]
PPARgamma mediates a modulation of PGlyRP3 gene expression, which is involved in inhibiting inflammation through negative regulation of NF-kappaB pathway. [PMID 21176858]
the ligand-independent tight control of the position of the PPAR helix 12 provides an effective alternative for establishing an interaction with CoA proteins [PMID 15888456]
We report that the PPARG C161T polymorphism is associated with the survival of IgAN patients without hypertension [PMID 14616762]
proliferator-activated receptor-gamma has a role in differentiation of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [PMID 15756430]
x ray crystallography to determine binding sites [PMID 15072437]
Genetic variants in PPARG and ADIPOQ candidate genes for insulin resistance are associated with cholesterol levels in obese children and adolescents, and may offer additional information in the risk assessment of obese children [PMID 18645733]
a noncanonical PPAR-responsive element within the 5’-flanking region of the human klotho gene [PMID 18547997]
PPARgamma gene C161–>T should be associated with body mass index, waist width and hip width [PMID 19035184]
REVIEW: the role of PPARgamma on transcriptional regulation of FA metabolism in the heart [PMID 17356846]
PPRE in intron 1 of the ACBP gene is a bona fide PPARgamma-response element. [PMID 12015306]
Activation of receptors by specific ligands of PPARgamma induces inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis and terminal differentiation as well as inhibition of angiogenesis. [PMID 18465691]
PPARgamma and TP53 genes may be candidates for molecular markers in pediatric MDS, and that these potentially recurrent deletions could contribute to the identification of therapeutic approaches in primary pediatric MDS [PMID 18789822]
C161T polymorphism in PPARgamma gene not related to Type 2 diabetes mellitus or insulin resistance in Brazil. Reduction of serum triglycerides and atherogenic index was observed in women with 161T allele of the C161T polymorphism. [PMID 15887858]
15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15S-HETE), an endogenous ligand for PPARgamma, was significantly decreased in the serum of patients with colorectal cancer [PMID 14566836]
SPPARgammaM5 was a potent partial agonist of human PPARgamma . [PMID 18346728]
findings identify a novel CREB3L2-PPARgamma gene fusion mutation in thyroid carcinoma and reveal a thyroid signaling pathway that is regulated by intramembrane proteolysis and disrupted in cancer [PMID 18757431]
PPAR gamma rearrangements can detect a subset of follicular-patterned thyroid carcinomas in preoperative thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsies [PMID 18688583]
This is the first study implicating that the Gly482Ser and Thr612Met polymorphisms in PGC-1alpha and Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARgamma2 do not affect the functional integrity of these proteins. [PMID 17187763]
These findings suggest that dietary fat has a significant influence on bone mineral density that is dependent on the alleles present for the PPARG gene. [PMID 18707223]
Pro12Ala may be associated with higher insulin sensitivity and higher LCPUFAs, particularly n-3, levels in plasma phosholipids of obese children. [PMID 16940242]
among Chinese nonagenarians and centenarians, the Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARgamma2 was associated with depression and that the 12Ala gene may be a factor for decreased depression. [PMID 19766907]
Data show that ER stress can enhance proinflammatory NF-kappaB activation due to the CHOP-mediated regulation of PPARgamma action. [PMID 20829347]
PPARgamma ligands inhibit human lung carcinoma cell growth and induce apoptosis by stimulating the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. [PMID 15041706]
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-gene interaction, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 20879858]
A new signaling pathway, DHA-PPAR-gamma-p53, in mediating the apoptotic effect of DHA in Reh cells. [PMID 17487454]
The H/D-Ex patterns of ligand-free PPARgamma ligand binding domain (LBD) show that the ligand binding pocket of LBD is significantly more dynamic than the rest of the LBD. [PMID 16823031]
reduced expression of PPARgamma might be an early event in colonic tumorigenesis [PMID 12915690]
Observational study of genotype prevalence. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 20885348]
The solution structure of PPARgamma2 was determined using small-angle-scattering and FRET. [PMID 21478865]
There is a combined effect of DIO2 T92A and PPARgamma2 P12A polymorphisms on insulin resistance-related features in non-diabetic whites. [PMID 18198294]
PPAR-gamma ligands inhibit human myofibroblast differentiation of normal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrotic (IPF) fibroblasts, by blocking Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 by a PPAR-gamma-independent mechanism. [PMID 21253589]
PAX8PPARgamma increases thyroid cell viability and has opposite effects on thyroid-specific gene expression, suggesting that the presence of this rearrangement may contribute to the malignant transformation of thyroid follicular cells. [PMID 17614769]
PPARG has a role in regulating glucose and lipid uptake and oxidation and preadipocyte differentiation [PMID 12730300]
review of role of activation of PPARalpha, -beta/delta, or -gamma or LXRs in skin physiology and cytology and disease [PMID 18182682]
biomarkers of placental CYP19 and PPARgamma gene expression show high within-placental variability. [PMID 19389254]
Both non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and colon cancer may result from distorted mechanisms of PPARg regulation. [PMID 17482764]
results suggest fat oxidation and energy expenditure may be lower in Pro12Pro carriers compared to Pro12Ala/Ala12Ala genotypes, while in obese women with Pro12Ala/Ala12Ala polymorphisms, fat oxidation was negatively correlated with MUFA and PUFA intake [PMID 21150196]
The Pro115 Gln variant, but not the Pro12Ala mutation in the PPAR-gamma 2 gene, could be a rare cause of severe insulin resistance. [PMID 12746759]
The relations of erythrocyte PUFA to CRP or adiponectin mostly did neither strongly nor significantly vary by PPARG2 genotype. [PMID 21301856]
PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala is associated with lower fasting and postprandial TAG levels, lower insulin levels and higher postprandial insulin sensitivity after a mixed meal containing fat. [PMID 17408525]
Low peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is associated with bladder urothelial carcinomas. [PMID 21229639]
Activation of PPARgamma leads to increased uptake and cross-presentation of ovalbumin but concomitantly impaired activation of CD8-positive T cells from T cell receptor-transgenic mice, due to increased signaling via coinhibitory molecule B7H1. [PMID 19535643]
The mRNA levels of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma increased significantly in atherosclerosis [PMID 20399568]
Jab1 is overexpressed in HCC and PPARgamma ligands may suppress Jab1 to inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells [PMID 18593980]
genetic association studies: investigation of 3 SNP in PPARg (and 4 SNP in RXRa) in association with type 2 diabetes in a Chinese Han population; linkage disequilibrium; multifactor dimensionality reduction; association with plasma adiponectin [PMID 21284483]
Pro12Ala and/or Ala12Ala polymorphism is twice more frequent in obese subjects compared to non-obese ones (38 vs 19%). [PMID 15518421]
Antineoplastic effects of PPARgamma in non-small-cell lung neoplasms are mediated by suppression of COX-2 via inhibition of NF-kappaB. [PMID 18055759]
Data show that of four genes studied – angiotensin-forming enzyme, PON1, PPAR-gamma, and APOE – only PPAR-gamma and APOE showed an effect on fertility. [PMID 18443916]
restoration of PPARgamma reverses the activated hepatic stellate cells to the quiescent phenotype and suppresses AP-1 activity via a physical interaction between PPARgamma and JunD [PMID 14702344]
stimulation of ppargamma produces antiinflammatory effects which may influence the atherosclerotic process. [PMID 17612754]
There is good evidence that ligands of PPAR-gamma, including certain thiazolinediones, reduce tissue injury associated with ischemia and reperfusion. The potential utility of PPAR-gamma ligands in ischemia and reperfusion will be discussed in this review. [PMID 15653094]
Increased body mass index but not common vitamin D receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, or cytokine polymorphisms confers predisposition to posttransplant diabetes. [PMID 22129188]
This study indicates that telmisartan may stimulate adiponectin transcription independent of PPAR-gamma. [PMID 17399685]
This study could not show a significant association between PPARG gene variants and chronic periodontitis. [PMID 21252350]
These data suggest that PPARgamma may be important for regulation of the level of hepatic ABCA1 protein and indicate the new interplays between PPARgamma, LXRbeta and MEK1/2 in regulation of ABCA1 mRNA and protein expression. [PMID 20951680]
an association between the PPARG Pro12Ala variant and body mass index was detected, with male carriers of the Ala variant presenting a higher mean body mass index than wild-type homozygotes (28.3 vs 26.2 kg/m2, P = 0.037). No effect was detected in women [PMID 17653445]
PPAR-gamma expression is enhanced in monocytes and macrophages from healthy smokers [PMID 17765929]
Hyperlipidemia, exhibited as a high free fatty acid level, modulates GLUT4 gene expression in cardiac muscle via a complex mechanism including GLUT4 and the PPARgamma genes [PMID 16096283]
pretreatment with rosiglitazone could attenuate kidney inflammation through the activation of PPAR-gamma, suppression of MCP-1 overproduction and NF-kappaB activation [PMID 21734368]
The activation of PPARgamma-dependent pathways induces the differentiated phenotype in proliferative VSMCs, and this induction is mediated, in part, through a GATA-6-dependent transcriptional mechanism. [PMID 12615657]
Far Western [PMID 9121466]
Far Western [PMID 9121466]
Autophagy promoted via troglitazone is correlated with AMPKalpha activation and independent of PPARgamma activation and EGFR transactivation. [PMID 19923924]
novel amplification cycle in which PPAR-gamma activation induces production of 12- and 15-LO-derived metabolites which in turn feed back to upregulate PPAR-gamma-2’s own expression [PMID 18202670]
results indicate that PPAR-gamma blocked Smad-mediated transcriptional responses by preventing p300 recruitment and histone H4 hyperacetylation, resulting in the inhibition of TGF-beta-induced collagen gene expression [PMID 19395477]
meta-analysis suggests that, compared with non-carriers, carriers of Ala allele have significant increased blood total cholesterol in male subjects, and marginally significant increased blood HDL-C in healthy subjects. [PMID 21185561]
crystal structure of the ligand binding domain of the gamma isotype of human PPAR in complex with ajulemic acid, determined at 2.8-A resolution [PMID 17462987]
derepression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma transcription by the high levels of forkhead box O1 could partially account for the lower levels of SLC2A4 found in polycystic ovary syndrome [PMID 20406953]
None of the polymorphisms analyzed influenced disease susceptibility and/or activity, but a high intake of total, saturated and monounsaturated fats and a higher ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, was associated with a more active phenotype. [PMID 20650551]
The PPARgamma C1431T polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of CAD in Chinese Han population. [PMID 21643757]
PPAR-gamma is up-regulated in the liver of obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [PMID 21325464]
C161–>T is in linkage disequilibrium with unidentified functional variation in PPARgamma for insulin resistance in women [PMID 16253648]
PPARgamma plays a key role in age-related inflammation. [PMID 20672248]
We suggest that PPARgamma-mediated inhibition of PAPP-A might decrease the amount of bioactive IGFII, a factor known to promote trophoblast invasion. [PMID 16388849]
Bitter gourd seed oil increases the expression of PPARgamma which has been shown to prohibit cell growth in colon cancer. [PMID 17461486]
A novel anti-inflammatory pathway is revealed in human airway smooth muscle, where PPAR gamma activation by natural and synthetic ligands inhibits serum-induced cell growth and induces apoptosis. [PMID 12594295]
These results indicate that PPARc is involved in the molecular pathogenesis of Barrett’s adenocarcinoma formation and growth [PMID 19506796]
Circulating concentrations of osteoprotegerin are associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm and with one peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene polymorphism. [PMID 19438902]
Blockade of PPARgamma can restore transforming growth factor beta-caused growth inhibition of cells. [PMID 21664967]
The roles of PPARgamma and C/EBPs in adipocyte differentiation with emphasis on the recently published genome-wide binding profiles for PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha, are reviewed. [PMID 20542036]
interaction between AngII and osteoprotegerin in aneurysm formation. Activation of PPARgamma may have a role in treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). [PMID 18931513]
In conclusion, our results provide correlative evidence for the "PPARgamma–>UCP2–>neuroprotection" cascade in ischemic brain injury. [PMID 17052689]
We did not find the PPARG Ala allele to be associated with increased BMI or waist circumference overall. We did find the Ala allele to be associated with increased BMI in those with high dietary PUFA and PUFA:SFA ratio. [PMID 17587797]
Thiazolidinediones decrease the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 in endometrial stromal cells via a PPAR-gamma-independent mechanism. [PMID 22192353]
Hepatitis B virus replication was upregulated by adiponectin and PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone treatments and was downregulated by adiponectin siRNAs. [PMID 21059469]
Results suggest that the PPARgamma agonist KR62776 may have potential in the chemoprevention of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. [PMID 20361309]
These results suggest that PPARgamma transcriptionally induces IDE expression. [PMID 19383491]
Results suggest that Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-gamma 2 gene is associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarct in the Chinese Han population. [PMID 16881538]
The Pro(12)Ala PPAR gamma gene polymorphism is equally present in patients with Graves’ disease with or without thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO). Among patients with TAO this polymorphism is associated with less-severe and less-active disease. [PMID 18624999]
obesity is associated with an inverse relationship between PPARgamma and retinoic acid receptor alpha expressions in subcutaneous adipose tissue [PMID 12080444]
These findings help to define the molecular mechanism driving the high expression of PPARgamma1 in breast cancer and raise new questions regarding the role of MAZ in cancer progression. [PMID 17902047]
(Review) PPARgamma has potent effects on inflammation, fibrogenesis and vascular remodeling and is important in the pathogenesis of fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension, and as a potential therapeutic target in systemic sclerosis. [PMID 20693905]
Despite the high frequency of the Ala allele at the PPAR-gamma2 gene in our population of Polish men, the Ala12 allele does not appear to improve insulin sensitivity or have an influence on the occurrence of obesity. [PMID 18777501]
study shows that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists strongly regulate myeloperoxidase gene expression through the Alu element repeats [PMID 14668325]
High-dose daidzein mainly acts on PPARgamma to inhibit proliferation of osteoblasts. [PMID 21288452]
sumoylation is involved in negative regulation of the transactivating function of PPARgamma2 [PMID 15507114]
results suggest, for the first time, that the genetic polymorphism in PPARG is not a major contributor to the observed variability in peak bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and femoral neck in Chinese women. [PMID 19644638]
alanine variant of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARgamma might be associated with decreased risk of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes [PMID 18077048]
PPAR-gamma, insulin receptor with its signaling pathways, and StAR protein constitute a novel human ovarian regulatory system with complex interactions among its components [PMID 17374711]
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation has a role in angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist induction of adipogenesis [PMID 16915030]
PPARgamma-DBD-interacting protein 1 (PDIP1)-alpha). PDIP1 mRNA was expressed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and THP-1 macrophages. [PMID 16239304]
MITR plays a master switch role to balance osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs through regulation of PPARgamma-2 transcriptional activity. [PMID 21247904]
PPARgamma and EGFR signalling have roles in urothelial terminal differentiation [PMID 15054105]
exposure of BAL cells or purified alveolar macrophages to IFN-gamma resulted in dose-dependent repression of PPARgamma mRNA in both sarcoidosis and controls. [PMID 17937104]
ox-PAPCs enhanced PPARgamma2 and adipogenic gene expression and reduced Runx2 and osteoblast differentiation marker gene expression in differentiating mesenchymal stem cells [PMID 21674037]
Expression of PPARgamma target genes is markedly attenuated in mutation-containing versus receptor haploinsufficent primary cells, indicating that such dominant-negative inhibition operates in vivo. [PMID 17011503]
conclusion, treatment with telmisartan results in an increase of PPAR-gamma gene expression in peripheral monocytes in patients with essential hypertension [PMID 21146687]
Ligand chirality plays the crucial role in the activation of PPARgamma. (Review) [PMID 21291392]
The expressions of PPARgamma and VEGF-C are significantly correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics and biological behavior of extrahepatic cholangioadenocarcinoma. [PMID 20021832]
The PPARG pathway is dysregulated in frataxin deficient mice and Friedreich’s ataxia patients. [PMID 19376812]
In Polish PPAR-gamma2 12Pro allele carriers, obesity correlated with free fatty acid tolerance in males, and insulin resistance in females. [PMID 15202783]
PPARgamma is expressed and functional in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), prerequisites for being a potential target for CCRCC treatment. [PMID 21206970]
PPAR-gamma 34 C>G is associated with colon cancer risk, but not associated with colorectal and rectal cancer risk. [PMID 20440859]
HDAC suppresses the activation of PPARgamma in the gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901. [PMID 19624894]
Adiponectin is a genetic factor associated with insulin sensitivity. Interactions with PPARgamma2 genotypes modified this association. [PMID 12827242]
PPARgamma plays an important role in controlling cell differentiation and PPARgamma ligands can modify inflammatory and fibrotic responses in pulmonary fibrosis [PMID 18317437]
HO-1 as a negative regulator of trophoblast motility acting via up-regulation of PPARgamma. [PMID 18845641]
In hypertensive patients, increased inflammatory cytokines were associated with increased incidence of atrial fibrillation and down-regulation of PPAR-gamma. [PMID 19569080]
Observational study of gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 15562387]
no effect of the PPAR-gamma gene Pro12Ala polymorphism on serum adiponectin levels. [PMID 15472214]
Our findings argue against a significant contribution of PPARgamma variations to the genetic basis of psoriasis. [PMID 15083308]
Binding of PPARG ligands (troglitazone or BRL49653) to monocyte PPARG inhibited TXA(2) production and enhanced PGE(2) production of PBMC [PMID 12401439]
article highlights the important observations made in humans harbouring genetic variations in PPARgamma that have confirmed its pivotal role in the regulation of adipocyte endocrine function and our metabolic response to the environment [review] [PMID 16311214]
The role of KLF6 and PPAR-gamma in MIP-3alpha transcriptional regulation, was determined. [PMID 21109018]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 9653119]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is expressed in the lung and pulmonary vasculature, and its expression is reduced in the vascular lesions of patients with pulmonary hypertension [PMID 18317434]
PPARgamma2 12Ala alleles were not associated with the severity of steatosis, necroinflammation, or fibrosis. [PMID 20825652]
the interaction between PPARgamma and GR may be responsible for the additive and synergistic inhibition of chemokine expression by PPARgamma agonists, glucocorticoids, and beta(2)-agonists [PMID 15531761]
these results suggest that the anti-adipogenic effect of miR-27b in hMADS cells is due, at least in part, to suppression of PPARgamma. [PMID 19800867]
No evidence of association of APOBEC1 and PPARG with gallstone susceptibility was detected. [PMID 17696929]
Reconstituted Complex; Two-hybrid [PMID 12040021]
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibits osteoprotegerin gene expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells [PMID 12056809]
Retinoid X receptor-gamma and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression may have roles in apoptosis of thyroid carcinoma [PMID 15299084]
This paper reviews the interrelation of PPAR-gamma ligands and activated mitogen-activated protein kinases-3 and -1(ERK1/2), in relation to their antineoplastic actions in cancer cell lines, which may offer the potential for improved anticancer therapies. [PMID 17665979]
PPAR-gamma polymorphisms and their interaction with smoking may contribute to the etiology of lung cancer [PMID 18187557]
Association of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene Pro12Ala and C161T polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. [PMID 18362424]
PPARdelta and PPARgamma coordinately regulate cancer cell fate by controlling the balance between the cell death and survival [PMID 21765467]
Both PPARgamma and p53 were involved in the cleavage of caspases-9 and DNA fragmentation induced by rosiglitazone. [PMID 16887883]
The presence of the Ala allele may confer protection from diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. [PMID 14633865]
commensal intestinal flora affects the expression of PPAR gamma and that PPAR gamma expression is considerably impaired in patients with ulcerative colitis [PMID 12730867]
genetic polymorphisms of PPARgamma (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma2 do not play a significant role in the susceptibility to RA in Koreans [PMID 15988600]
Data suggest that PPARG influences fat deposition and growth velocity early in life, with potential impact in the control of energy intake and appetite regulation, and could provide a key target for future research and anti-obesity agents. [PMID 16777151]
review of expression and functions of klotho and the upregulation of klotho by PPARG [PMID 18756295]
analysis of a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of endothelial PPARgamma activation that involves targeting protein post-translational modification of adhesion molecules, specifically N-glycosylation [PMID 21911496]
Fetal sex/sex chromosomes may substantially affect maternal glycemic control in mothers who are carriers of the GG alleles of the PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism. [PMID 20032817]
The findings from this study showed that troglitazone-induced apoptosis was mediated by POX-induced ROS formation, at least partly, via PPARgamma activation. [PMID 22108328]
PPARgamma polymorphisms are not associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. [PMID 20722066]
Pro12Ala polymorphism of the gene is associated with reduced type 2 diabetes risk and increased insulin sensitivity [PMID 11972302]
PPARgamma agonists derived from glycyrrhetinic acid induced cell-dependent caveolin-1 and KLF-4 expression through receptor-dependent pathways [PMID 17513608]
mTOR/Akt2 is required for optimal PPARgamma activation. Patients who receive SESs during concomitant RSG treatment may be at risk for delayed stent healing. [PMID 19797172]
PTIP controls expression of PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha, the two principal adipogenic transcription factors, and is therefore required for adipogenesis. [PMID 19583951]
Uncategorized study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 19956635]
The discovery of PPARgamma as a component of human plasma exosomes identifies a potential new pathway for the paracrine transfer of nuclear receptors [PMID 19028452]
The alanine-12 variant of the PPARgamma gene is associated with higher weight gain during growth hormone treatment in subjects born small for gestational age. [PMID 19808901]
Research suggests that Plo12Ala polymorphism of proliferator-activated receptor gamma may not be assocationed with the risk of developing ulcerative colitis in Japanese population. [PMID 18507082]
Alveolar macrophage PPAR-gamma functional activity was decreased by 48% in obese with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and by 26% in obese without OSA. [PMID 21982524]
CK-II-dependent PPARgamma phosphorylation at Ser16 and Ser21 is necessary for CRM1/Ran/RanBP3-mediated nucleocytoplasmic translocation of PPARgamma. [PMID 20026644]
Results indicated that the Pro/Pro genotype of PPARG and smoking were significant independent risk factors for diabetic nephropathy. [PMID 19837787]
the Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPARgamma2 gene is associated with decreased basic metabolic rate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and biochemical hyperandrogenemia [PMID 19465486]
P633H, a novel dual agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma, with different anti-diabetic effects in db/db and KK-Ay mice. [PMID 19422369]
low doses of PPARgamma/RXRalpha ligands could be used as a new type of adjuvant to stimulate Ab production. [PMID 19915048]
Loss of SERCA2 expression is observed in human diabetes and occurs within the context of PPAR-gamma phosphorylation and CDK5 activation. [PMID 22240811]
PPARgamma plays a negative role by directly acting on Smad and ERK phosphorylation in human endometrial cellt reated with TGF-beta1. [PMID 18082740]
The beta-catenin signal was activated by endogenous Wnt through interaction with chondroitin sulfate chains to suppress PPARG expression on the stem cell matrices and early stage matrices but not on late stage matrices [PMID 22056426]
PPAR gamma C161T polymorphism was associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) in a Chinese population. T allele of the PPAR gamma gene might have a protective effect on the progression of CAD and reduce the onset of acute coronary syndrome. [PMID 17892998]
data indicate that PPAR-gamma activation by selective agonists is a valid strategy for ovarian cancer therapy and prevention, and should be tested alone and in combination with other anticancer drugs. [PMID 17032502]
PPAR and LXR activators stimulate AQP3 expression, providing an additional mechanism by which PPAR and LXR activators regulate epidermal function. [PMID 21457357]
We conclude that P12A and C161T polymorphisms of the PPAR-gamma gene are important predictors of cardiovascular event in patients with diabetic nephropathy. [PMID 18417957]
There was no significant association between Pro12Ala polymorphism in exon B of PPAR-gamma and prevalence or severity of CAD in Korean adults [PMID 17322631]
thiazolidinedione increases FABP4 plasma concentrations in diabetic patients, reflecting PPARgamma activation [PMID 17553506]
Single nucleotide polymorphisms of PPARG is a strong predictor of ischemic stroke in diabetic patients. [PMID 19651920]
PPARgamma and/or RXR activation inhibit foam cell formation through enhanced cholesterol efflux despite increased oxLDL uptake [PMID 12615696]
study suggests that PPAR-gamma may be involved in gastric carcinogenesis [PMID 19701967]
Peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma C161-T may play a important role in carotid artery arteriosclerosis. [PMID 15144586]
In the polycystic ovary syndrome women, a single Ala allele may have a protective role as far as hyperleptinemia is concerned [PMID 21827375]
Contribution of Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARgamma to genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus. [PMID 15563983]
Hypertensive subjects with low birth weight or short length at birth and the Pro12Pro variant had raised systolic blood pressure [PMID 15201543]
The effect of this gene in humans may be mediated through regulation of PPARgamma activity in the crypts of the small intestine. [PMID 15685547]
The adipocyte-specific gamma2 isoform of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is now considered to be one of the best-replicated genetic risk factors of common type 2 diabetes [PMID 17563457]
present study provides evidence that the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARgamma-2 gene is associated with obesity in non-diabetic men from Tunisian origin [PMID 19733160]
present study provides evidence that the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARgamma-2 gene is associated with obesity in non-diabetic men from Tunisian origin [PMID 19733160]
Nitric oxide-activated anti-inflammatory properties of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma in monocytes/macrophages down-regulate p47phox and attenuate the respiratory burst. [PMID 12193733]
The PPARG thymine 1431 allele is associated with a high probility of a nonfatal cardiovascular event before age 70 and is also associated with all-cause mortality in a type 2 diabetic population. [PMID 15486307]
PPARgamma is within the RFX5.CIITA complex as judged by co-immunoprecipitation and DNA affinity precipitation studies [PMID 17611194]
high glucose upregulates PPAR-gamma and when significantly induced demonstrates anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects. [PMID 15113752]
oxidative stress attenuates PPAR gamma expression and activity in vascular endothelial cells [PMID 20302927]
Troglitazone is an inductor of PPARgamma in colon cancer cells and inhibits PPARgamma-dependent proliferation. [PMID 17143939]
Treatment of gastric cancer patients with Vioxx resulted in a significant decrease in plasma and tumor contents of both progastrin and gastrin, and this was accompanied by the increment in tumor expression of COX-2, PPARy, Bax, and caspase-3. [PMID 14627349]
This study confirms the association of PPARgamma with morbid obesity. [PMID 18855061]
Catalase is able to potentiate ATRA-induced macrophage differentiation by inhibition of PPARgamma activity, underscoring an important interplay between H(2)O(2), RA, and PPARgamma in macrophages. [PMID 17369494]
polymorphism Pro12Ala is associated with nephropathy in type 2 diabetes [PMID 12145184]
activation of PPARgamma in human CD4-positive T cells limits the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFNgamma [PMID 11934839]
Studies indicate that PPARgamma as a possible therapeutic target approaching major, severe diseases, such as sepsis, cancer, and atherosclerosis. [PMID 21057731]
functional downregulation of PPARgamma is a key event in multiple types of thyroid neoplasia [PMID 12776192]
In human islets, activation of PPAR-gamma inhibits h-IAPP-induced islet cell apoptosis, and this action is at least in part mediated through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3’-kinase-Akt cascade. [PMID 16204373]
data are consistent with the hypothesis PPARgamma stimulates MUC1/Muc1 expression, thereby blocking phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced TNF-alpha/IL-8 production by airway epithelial cells. [PMID 22268120]
Combining information from several known common risk polymorphisms allows the identification of population subgroups with markedly differing risks of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those obtained using single polymorphisms. [PMID 17020404]
The Ala-allele is associated with enhanced decline in GFR and predicts ESRD and all-cause mortality in patients with nephropathy. [PMID 18467141]
all variables related to obesity showed a higher trend in Pro12Ala heterozygous subjects compared to Pro12Pro homozygous subjects; Pro12Ala heterozygous subjects showed an increasing trend of elevated blood pressure compared to Pro12Pro homozygotes [PMID 17874829]
Clinical trial of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 20413122]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 17952062]
Affinity Capture-Western; Co-purification; Reconstituted Complex [PMID 17952062]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 17952062]
Results show that a novel nucleotide variant A-2819G, in the regulatory region of PPARG, is associated with type 2 diabetes and with proliferative retinopathy in females in an Italian cohort. [PMID 19125195]
We found a significant association of the [Pro12]Ala allele with the lowest risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Caucasians...lower serum insulin...and greater sensitivity to insulin in overweight individuals... [PMID 20420754]
PPAR-gamma and RXR-alpha expression down-regulation in macrophages and smooth muscle cells was associated with a more pronounced disease progression in patients with advanced carotid atherosclerotic lesions. [PMID 21709632]
Affinity Capture-Western; Reconstituted Complex [PMID 12943985]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 12943985]
The anti-angiogenic effect of PPARgamma agonists is due, at least in part, to an interference with the VEGF-stimulated PKCalpha-mediated activation of CREB and the related expression of COX-2. [PMID 20032081]
Severe obesity in Han Chinese was associated with 3 novel common SNPs for ESR1 and PPARgamma. These 2 genes collectively result in a >5-fold risk of severe obesity. [PMID 19491387]
These findings provide evidence for the involvement of the nuclear hormone receptors PPAR gamma and VDR in butyrate-mediated inhibition of inducible NF kappa B activation dependent on the stimulated signalling pathway. [PMID 17521736]
the PPARgamma-dependent PI3K/Akt pathway has a role in telmisartan-induced proliferation of human endothelial progenitor cells [PMID 19193378]
A common A for P substitution at codon 12 in the PPARG2 was associated with reduced incidence of myocardial infarction. [PMID 12663371]
PPARgamma inhibits the inflammatory response in CF, at least in part by interaction with NF-kappaB in airway epithelial cells. PPARgamma agonists may be therapeutic in CF. [PMID 18556801]
Reconstituted Complex [PMID 10930400]
cPLA2 has an influence on IL-8 and COX 2 gene and protein expression at least in part through PPAR-gamma [PMID 15331599]
a composite enhancer binding both PPARgamma and C/EBPa,b factors confers adipocyte-specific expression to Retn in mouse, and its absence from the human gene may explain the lack of adipocyte expression in humans. [PMID 19126543]
PEDF induces human umbilical vein endothelial cells apoptosis through the sequential induction of PPARgamma and p53 overexpression. [PMID 17651710]
A functional variant in this protein’s promoter is associated with predictors of obesity and NIDDM in Pima Indians. [PMID 12829658]
Stromal myofibroblasts expressed PPARgamma, only in colon adenocarcinomas (77.7% of the cases) and not in normal colon. [PMID 16215757]
Receptor "C(k)"-dependent signalling pathway regulates PPAR-gamma gene transcription; a proposed molecular cross-talk pathway between Receptor-C(k) and PPAR-gamma may play a role in control of leukemogenesis. [PMID 12801525]
protective mechanism of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Alzheimer’s disease involves activation of PPARgamma and decreased beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme gene transcription [PMID 16407166]
activity in prostate cancer cells [PMID 12767049]
The presence of PPAR gamma in bladder cancers having characteristics of low malignancy is associated with its role in modulating expression of those angiogenic factors (e.g., bFGF and PDECGF) that may be responsible for malignancy in bladder tumor cells. [PMID 11888683]
Pro12Ala polymorphism may represent a genetic susceptibility factor for the clinical measurements of periodontitis in a limited number of pregnant Japanese women, but it probably cannot influence the relationship between periodontitis and preterm birth [PMID 20450366]
Findings may suggest that enhanced expression of PPARgamma in abortive extravillous trophoblasts may be one factor linked to miscarriage. [PMID 19342081]
HCG secreted by the invasive trophoblast, likely the hyperglycosylated form of hCG, but not by the syncytiotrophoblast, promotes trophoblast invasion and may be a PPARgamma target gene in trophoblast invasion process. [PMID 17628005]
RT-PCR demonstrated that melatonin significantly suppressed PPARgamma expression but promoted Runx2 expression in the early stages of adipogenesis and osteogenesis of hMSCs. [PMID 20738756]
melanoma cell growth may be modulated through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. [PMID 12230498]
The PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with human motor activity. [PMID 19526109]
This gene is one of the most studied as potentially linked to the development of obesity, and especially related to the interactions with lifestyle factors. [PMID 21207518]
PPAR-gamma2 Pro12Ala variant may have a role in insulin sensitivity in childhood obesity [PMID 15531738]
PPARgamma expression is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and represses CD40/CD40L signaling pathway [PMID 21415255]
Polymorphisms in APOA5 (-1131T > C, S19W), PPARgamma (Pro12Ala) and hepatic lipase (-514C > T) were studied in 1492 subjects from the [PMID 21548985]
Meta-analysis and uncategorized study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 20923526]
Contribution of the PPAR-gamma 2 Pro12Ala polymorphism in the genetic risk for type 2 diabetes. [PMID 15784141]
analysis of the link between PPARgamma and calcium signaling and description of the role of DSCR1 in transformation of epithelial cells [PMID 17565986]
We evaluated the influence of dietary fat in glicidic metabolism in morbidly obese women with Pro12Pro genotype in the gene PPARgamma2 [PMID 20694299]
Observational study of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 20694299]
Pharmacological activation of PPARgamma and/or induction of SSAT may represent a therapeutic or preventive strategy for treating colorectal cancer. [PMID 16854216]
there is an in vivo crosstalk between the HER-kinase axis and PPARgamma pathways, ultimately leading to negative regulation of PPARgamma activity and tumor growth inhibition [PMID 15193259]
reduced expression of beta-catenin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma could play a key role in aggressive colorectal cancer behavior. [PMID 19121846]
Pro12Ala variant in the PPARgamma2 gene is unlikely a major gene for type 2 diabetes mellitus or obesity in Tunisian subjects. [PMID 15959417]
15d-PGJ2 and ciglitazone down-regulate TNF-alpha-mediated osteoclast differentiation in human cells, in part via suppression of the action of MCP-1 [PMID 18242157]
results provide a possible proof of SIRT1 protective potential in visceral adipose tissue against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans. [PMID 20033348]
metabolism of a parent compound, beta-carotene, may alternatively activate (9-cisRA) or inhibit (beta-apo-14’-carotenal) specific RXR and PPAR responses [PMID 17008383]
results suggest the existence of an interaction between Pro12Ala polymorphism of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma (PPARG2), dietary monounsaturated fatty acids and insulin resistance in obesity [PMID 16920849]
The CC genotype of C1431T in the PPARgamma2 gene together with low cardiorespiratory fitness may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome in younger men. [PMID 21156835]
PPARgamma Pro12Ala SNP has no effect on the risk of developing lipodystrophy in HIV-1-infected patients treated with HAART [PMID 19534662]
Results suggest that the PPAR-gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with advanced-stage endometriosis in the Korean population. [PMID 20560917]
Troglitazone, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand, inhibits growth of HepG2 cells and induces apoptosis. COX-2 mRNA and protein and Bcl-2 was down-regulated. Bax and Bak was up-regulated. Activity of caspase-3 was elevated. [PMID 12800228]
DIM-C-pPhCF3 induced p21 expression through a novel mechanism that involves PPARgamma interactions with both Sp1 and Sp4 proteins bound to the proximal GC-rich region of the p21 promoter. [PMID 15345676]
crucial role exerted by p21Cip1/WAF1 in PPARgamma action in thyroid neoplasm [PMID 18509005]
phosphorylation of PPARgamma was mediated through the ciglitazone-induced activation of Erk1/2 [PMID 14587029]
Evidence of a differential susceptibility to fat accumulation, and, hence, weight gain, in response to habitual high energy intake for alanine carriers compared with proline/proline homozygotes. [PMID 17259473]
Data show that activation of the PPARgamma/PGC-1alpha pathway may protect against COPD progression by upregulating gamma-GCS and relieving oxidative stress. [PMID 20732852]
decreased gene expression of PPARgamma is associated with active ulcerative colitis. [PMID 20848495]
High-levels of PPARgamma expression is associated with glioblastoma [PMID 14686729]
COX-2 might mediate tumor angiogenesis and growth, and could be considered as a target for gastric cancer therapy. [PMID 21266034]
PPARG gene does not play a major role in the genetic predisposition to AD in the Finnish population. [PMID 18573313]
Data show that RXRalpha was strongly and moderately expressed in 11 (14.10%) and 33 (42.31%) cases, respectively, and PPARgamma was strongly and moderately expressed in 33 (41.25%) and 25 (31.25%) cases, respectively. [PMID 22210720]
PPAR-gamma expression increases with loss of renal function and may be an important factor in maintaining normal renal function serving as a key protective mechanism to renal injury. [PMID 21040163]
there was no evidence of a significant impact of individual polymorphisms of PPARgamma on breast cancer risk [PMID 21140205]
Activators of PPARG play a role in maternal metabolism and immune function in normal and pathological pregnancies. [PMID 15562025]
PPAR-gamma/delta signaling accounts in part for the vasodilating effect of prostacyclins in pulmonary arteries. [PMID 22021335]
miR-130 reduces adipogenesis by repressing PPARgamma biosynthesis [PMID 21135128]
polymorphic in metabolic syndrome phenotype in Brazil [PMID 14747257]
In M2 macrophage subpopulations PPARgamma activation enhances the phagocytic but not the cholesterol trafficking pathways. [PMID 21350215]
The polymorphism in human PPARG gene resulting in the substitution of Pro12 to Ala in the PPARgamma2 isoform has been established as conferring anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects, especially in the conditions. [PMID 20158084]
these findings support a regulatory role for PPARgamma in the proliferation, survival and differentiation of malignant B cells. [PMID 19018532]
Pro12Ala variant of the PPAR-gamma receptor gene did not explain the failure of patients with NIDDM to increase insulin sensitivity. [PMID 15161789]
The TNFalpha concentration in serum and the TNFalpha gene expression in monocytes do not refer to the Pro12ala polymorphism of PPARgamma in patients with type 2 diabetes. 2) The Pro12Ala genotype do not influence autoimmunologic processes of diabetes. [PMID 18159845]
85kD PLA2 mediates PPARG activation in lung epithelial cells [PMID 12077117]
The decreased expression of PPARgamma and enhanced expression of NF-kappaB play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. [PMID 19829671]
Transcriptional activation of hepatic scavenger receptor class B, type I is stimulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. [PMID 12763030]
Proteasomal degradation of retinoid X receptor alpha reprograms transcriptional activity of PPARgamma in obese mice and humans [PMID 20364085]
Affinity Capture-Western; Co-localization; Two-hybrid [PMID 20364085]
Both mouse and human melanoma cells produced more PPARalpha and PPARgamma protein compared to melanocytes. [PMID 18172578]
Clinical trial of gene-environment interaction and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 17898990]
Study did not reveal any significant effect of the PPARalpha and PPARgamma2 polymorphisms on anthropometric, biochemical, hormonal and psycho-behavioural characteristics in obese women. [PMID 20653996]
genes of C3, HSL, and PPARgamma may exert a modifying effect on lipid and glucose metabolism in familial combined hyperlipidemia [PMID 11979403]
PPARgamma is highly expressed in every normal pituitary secreting cell lineage. It can translocate into the nucleus by ligand binding; however, its role in pituitary hormone regulation remains to be elucidated. [PMID 16419492]
Observational study of gene-disease association, gene-environment interaction, and pharmacogenomic / toxicogenomic. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 20644561]
role of 13-(S)-HODE in upregulating the MAP kinase signaling pathway and subsequently downregulating PPARgamma [PMID 12189136]
15d-PGJ2 significantly decreased CD40 and RANTES expression in HK-2 cells, which were partially mediated by PPAR-gamma-dependent pathways. [PMID 16864989]
Affinity Capture-Western; Co-localization [PMID 16127449]
Single nucleotide polymorphismss in the PPAR-gamma, but not PGC-1alpha, gene are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease susceptibility possibly through the adiponectin pathway. [PMID 17999673]
Several indices of individuals with PPARgamma2 Pro/Pro polymorphism improved obviously after nutrition intervention. [PMID 20388362]
Clinical trial of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 20388362]
mPGES-1 and Egr-1 are novel targets of PPARgamma and inhibition of mPGES-1 gene transcription may be one of the mechanisms by which PPARgamma regulates inflammatory responses [PMID 15023995]
Genetic polymorphisms of CAT and PPARy2 do not play a significant role in the development of SLE in a Korean population. [PMID 15934434]
study investigated how the phosphorylation of serine 273 in PPARgamma shifts the protein population towards a malfunctioning state and consequently perturbs cellular molecular networks, eventually leading to the development of insulin resistance [PMID 21833030]
PPARgamma receptors possess evident tumor promoting properties but in this review, the receptor independent effects of its ligands compound the understanding of its biology in cancers. [PMID 17896990]
The Ala allele is involved in genetic susceptibility to hypertension and metabolic lipid disorders in the Han population of Inner Mongolia. [PMID 20623456]
The A allele of RAGE -374T/A polymorphism in diabetic CAD patients and the-374T/Ala12 haplotype of RAGE -374T/A and PPAR-gamma Pro12 Ala polymorphisms in the patients group are the most important risk factors for CAD. [PMID 21861709]
results provide further support of the association between the PPARG2 Ala12 allele and risk of overweight or obesity in Mestizos and two Amerindian populations from Mexico [PMID 17985660]
syndecan 1 is up-regulated by n-3 fatty acids by a transcriptional pathway involving PPARgamma [PMID 18450755]
Cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides from Momordica charantia inhibited NFKB activation and stimulated PPARg activation. [PMID 22248180]
PPARgamma1(tr) is an important physiologic isoform of PPARgamma that modulates cellular functions of PPARgamma1(wt) [PMID 16842753]
common Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peoxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 gene has minor influence on mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma target genes in adipose tissue of obese subjects [PMID 12679463]
Study suggests a favorable impact of PPARG expression on disease-free survival of patients with ductal breast carcinoma and its possible cooperation with ERbeta in exerting this favorable effect. [PMID 15656884]
DAX-1 acts as a corepressor of PPARgamma and performs a potential function in the regulation of PPARgamma-mediated cellular differentiation. [PMID 18381063]
Meta-analysis and HuGE review of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator) [PMID 20179158]
Pharmacologic activation of PPARgamma in vascular cells may provide a novel therapeutic approach to retard diabetes-associated vascular disease. [PMID 11872366]
In follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, the PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangement was significantly associated with multifocality and vascular invasion [PMID 16219715]
The presence of the variant alleles in the PPARgamma2 gene suggests benefits in food intake control [PMID 17658197]
Four candidate polymorphisms in the three genes TCF7L2 (rs12255372 and rs7903146), PPARG (rs1801282), KCNJ11 (rs5219) and traditional risk factors were studied [PMID 18972257]
PPARgamma C161T is associated with low peak bone mass. [PMID 19484168]
The association of single and combined polymorphisms Gly972Arg, SNP43, & Pro12Ala, of the genes IRS1, CAPN10, PPARG2, respectively, with the risk of failure to sulphonylurea and metformin therapies was determined in patients with NIDDM. [PMID 19418728]
an intronic sequence of PPAR(gamma) is fused to exon 28 of THADA in thyroid tumors of follicular origin including carcinomas as well as adenomas [PMID 17123335]
Two-hybrid [PMID 11226238]
Rosiglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, inhibits VEGF secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and ROS production by human leukocytes [PMID 21986923]
In the present study, there were no consistent associations between PPARgamma Pro12Ala and risk of acute coronary syndrome [PMID 19500413]
PPAR-gamma1 is dephosphorylated and degraded during BAY 11-7085-induced synovial fibroblast apoptosis [PMID 16766531]
Affinity Capture-Western [PMID 19951908]
Polymorphisms within the PPARG2 gene are associated with insulin resistance and obesity. [PMID 17624182]
Results describe an antiproliferative BMP-2/PPARgamma/apoE axis in human and murine SMCs and its role in pulmonary hypertension. [PMID 18382765]
Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and the growth inhibitory effect of its synthetic ligands in human salivary gland cancer cell lines. [PMID 11836575]

PubMed Articles ¶

Recent articles:

Wang R et al. “Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in monosodium urate crystal-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression in human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts.” Int J Mol Med. 2012 May;29(5):877-82. PMID 22366735
Aschen S et al. “Regulation of adipogenesis by lymphatic fluid stasis: part II. Expression of adipose differentiation genes.” Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012 Apr;129(4):838-47. PMID 22456356
Montero TD et al. “PPARα and PPARγ regulate the nucleoside transporter hENT1.” Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 Mar 9;419(2):405-11. PMID 22349506
Charytonowicz E et al. “PPARγ agonists enhance ET-743-induced adipogenic differentiation in a transgenic mouse model of myxoid round cell liposarcoma.” J Clin Invest. 2012 Mar 1;122(3):886-98. PMID 22293175
Alsaleh A et al. “PPARγ2 gene Pro12Ala and PPARα gene Leu162Val single nucleotide polymorphisms interact with dietary intake of fat in determination of plasma lipid concentrations.” J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. 2011;4(6):354-66. PMID 22378291
Bernardes A et al. “Low-resolution molecular models reveal the oligomeric state of the PPAR and the conformational organization of its domains in solution.” PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31852. PMID 22363753
Panasyuk G et al. “PPARγ contributes to PKM2 and HK2 expression in fatty liver.” Nat Commun. 2012 Feb 14;3:672. PMID 22334075
Kim HH et al. “Leptin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression in colorectal adenoma.” World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Feb 14;18(6):557-62. PMID 22363123
Devi MS et al. “Angiogenic response of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) involves PPARgamma.” Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2012 Feb;49(1):18-24. PMID 22435140
Chen J et al. “[Hepatitis C virus core protein upregulates the transcription of PCK1 through FOXO1/PGC-1alpha pathway].” Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 2012 Jan;52(1):52-9. PMID 22489460

Top Pubmed articles linked to gene PPARG matching any search term:

Lee YJ et al. “Nuclear receptor PPARγ-regulated monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (MGAT1) expression is responsible for the lipid accumulation in diet-induced hepatic steatosis.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Aug 6;. PMID 22869740
Qiang L et al. “Brown Remodeling of White Adipose Tissue by SirT1-Dependent Deacetylation of Pparγ.” Cell. 2012 Aug 3;150(3):620-32. PMID 22863012
Huang C et al. “Entorhinal cortical neurons are the primary targets of FUS mislocalization and ubiquitin aggregation in FUS transgenic rats.” Hum Mol Genet. 2012 Aug 3;. PMID 22833456
Lee HR et al. “Red Liriope platyphylla contains a large amount of polyphenolic compounds which stimulate insulin secretion and suppress fatty liver formation through the regulation of fatty acid oxidation in OLETF rats.” Int J Mol Med. 2012 Jul 27;. PMID 22842959
Lee EY et al. “Rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, protects against striatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by 6-OHDA lesions in the substantia nigra of rats.” Toxicol Lett. 2012 Jul 27;. PMID 22842585
Rahigude AB et al. “Possible therapeutic potential of berberine in diabetic osteopathy.” Med Hypotheses. 2012 Jul 26;. PMID 22840327
Lee MY et al. “Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta Agonist Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis by Anti-inflammatory Mechanism.” Exp Mol Med. 2012 Jul 24;. PMID 22824914
Sabatino L et al. “PPARG Epigenetic Deregulation and Its Role in Colorectal Tumorigenesis.” PPAR Res. 2012;2012:687492. PMID 22848209
Sierra H et al. “Prenatal Rosiglitazone Administration to Neonatal Rat Pups Does Not Alter the Adult Metabolic Phenotype.” PPAR Res. 2012;2012:604216. PMID 22829803
Adi NC et al. “Influence of Diet on Visceral Adipose Remodeling in NONcNZO10 Mice With Polygenic Susceptibility for Type 2 Diabetes.” Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012 Jul 3;. PMID 22858798
Garaulet M et al. “PPARγ Pro12Ala interacts with fat intake for obesity and weight loss in a behavioural treatment based on the Mediterranean diet.” Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011 Dec;55(12):1771-9. PMID 22102511
Yilmaz-Aydogan H et al. “Effects of the PPARG P12A and C161T gene variants on serum lipids in coronary heart disease patients with and without Type 2 diabetes.” Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Dec;358(1-2):355-63. PMID 21833536
Flachsbart F et al. “Investigation of genetic susceptibility factors for human longevity - a targeted nonsynonymous SNP study.” Mutat Res. 2010 Dec 10;694(1-2):13-9. PMID 20800603
Hsieh MC et al. “Common polymorphisms of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (Pro12Ala) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (Gly482Ser) and the response to pioglitazone in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.” Metabolism. 2010 Aug;59(8):1139-44. PMID 20045142
Voight BF et al. “Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis.” Nat Genet. 2010 Jul;42(7):579-89. PMID 20581827
Chae SJ et al. “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and its coactivator-1alpha gene polymorphisms in Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome.” Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2010;70(1):1-7. PMID 20130411
Lee YC et al. “Prediction of successful weight reduction after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding.” Hepatogastroenterology. 2009 Jul-Aug;56(93):1222-6. PMID 19760975
Cho YW et al. “Histone methylation regulator PTIP is required for PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha expression and adipogenesis.” Cell Metab. 2009 Jul;10(1):27-39. PMID 19583951
Chello M et al. “Advanced glycation end products in diabetic patients with optimized glycaemic control and their effects on endothelial reactivity: possible implications in venous graft failure.” Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2009 Jul;25(5):420-6. PMID 19405075
Erdogan M et al. “The relationship of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma 2 exon 2 and exon 6 gene polymorphism in Turkish type 2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy.” Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007 Dec;78(3):355-9. PMID 17681394

PPARG¶

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User SNPs ¶

NCBI Summary ¶

OMIM ¶

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KEGG Pathways ¶

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