High School Debate Topic 2005: Civil Liberties

CIVIL LIBERTIES: SEARCH AND DETENTION

High School National Debate Topic 2005

Resolved: That the United States federal government should substantially decrease its authority either to detain without charge or to search without probable cause.

UMich Only Web Links Available from Campus Ethernet Workstations
and via Modem Using 489-2222. UMich Only material is subject
to copyright law and meant for personal use only.

Last updated on June 29, 2006

Background on Subjects

Debate Readings and Background

Constitution of the United States Annotated (Findlaw)
- Text and annotations to the Constitution and its amendments
- Includes citations to cases which interpret its provisions
- Amendment 4 covers search and seizure and Amendments 5-8 on the rights of persons, particularly in civil and criminal trials
Debate Central (National Center for Policy Analysis)
- Over 140 links to on-line articles on 13 civil liberties topics
- Consistently the most comprehensive of all debate web sites
Michigan Debate Reserve List
- Books held on reserve in the University of Michigan Undergraduate Library for the Michigan Debate camps, Summer 2004

Books

MIRLYN
- MIRLYN
- Lists books within the University of Michigan Library system.
- Searchable by author, title, subject, keyword, and call number

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SUBJECT HEADINGS

Controlled vocabulary
Used for

Foreign material
When too many common keywords

Find through

LC Subject List (Library)
Record retrieved through keyword searching

Library of Congress Subject Headings: By Subject
Library of Congress Subject Headings: By Country

Boolean Logic

Keyword Searching

Illustration	MIRLYN	Proquest	JSTOR	LEXIS Academic	IPSA	Worldwide PoliSci Abstracts PAIS	Google
PHRASE	"military tribunal"	"military tribunal"	"military tribunal"	military tribunal	military tribunal	military tribunal	"military tribunal"
AND	immigration and detention	immigration and detention	immigration and detention	immigration and detention	immigration and detention	immigration and detention	immigration detention
OR	wiretap or surveillance	wiretap or surveillance	wiretap or surveillance	wiretap or surveillance	wiretap or surveillance	wiretap or surveillance	wiretap OR surveillance
NOT	surveillance not internet	surveillance and not internet	surveillance not internet	surveillance and not internet	surveillance not internet	surveillance not internet	surveillance -internet
COMPLEX SEARCHING	abuse and ("abu graib" or guantanamo)	abuse and ("abu ghraib" or guantanamo)	abuse and ("abu ghraib" or guantanamo)	sbuse and (abu ghraib or guantanamo)	abuse and (abu ghraib or guantanamo)	abuse and (abu ghraib or guantanamo)	abuse ("abu ghraib" OR guantanamo)
TRUNCATION	terroris?	terroris?	terroris???	terroris!	terroris*	terroris*	not applicable

Additional Keyword Protocols

Periodical Indexes

If an index does not have the full text of your article, use SFX button to link to the online journal text OR
University of Michigan catalog for the paper copy call number OR
Inter-Library Loan

Criminal Justice Abstracts (UMich Only)
- Indexes articles since 1968 on crime, corrections, and the courts
- Sample search: (detention or deportation) and (immigrant or alien)
Index to Legal Periodicals and Books(UMich Only)
- Indexes articles in 620 legal periodicals since 1981
- Sample search: "airport security"
International Political Science Abstracts, 1989+ (UMich Only)
- Index to scholarly political science journal articles in Western European languages
- Choose IPSA from the menu first; go to the next screen before searching
- Sample search: Iraq near economic sanctions
- Searches may be recombined
- Data includes author, title, journal, and abstract in English if the article is in English
- If the article is in another language, the title is translated into English but the abstract is in French
JSTOR (UMich Only) [http://www.jstor.org/jstor/]
- Full text of major 20th Century historical and economic periodicals as well as the American Political Science Review through 2001; International Security, 1976-2000; Law and Society Review, 1966-2001
- Most periodicals available from 1900-2000
- Index approaches by keyword, author, title, periodical
- View articles page-by-page or use the download button and Adobe Acrobat to print, save, or view entire article
LEXIS-NEXIS Academic (UMich Only) [http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe]
- Full text of LAW REVIEW articles under the LEGAL section
  - Numerous references to the Constitution and court cases affecting a particular aspect of civil libraries
- COURT DECISIONS can also be found in the LEGAL section
  - Full text of U.S. Supreme, Circuit and District court opinions
  - State supreme and appeals court decisions
- For NEWSPAPER ARTICLES use the GUIDED NEWS SEARCH
  - This section permits keyword searching of the full text of articles
  - See GENERAL NEWS/MAJOR PAPERS and U.S. NEWS/REGIONAL PAPERS
National Criminal Justice Reference Service
- Full text or summaries of federal, state, and local reports on crime, courts, law enforcement, juvenile justice, and the victims of crime
- Statistics included in the reports although there are few statistical tables
- NCJRS Abstracts Database
  - Indexes thousands of books, journal articles, and government reports
  - Provides lengthy summaries
  - Searchable by keyword (eg. terrorist and arrest)
  - Virtual Library is a separate full-text data base
Political Information [http://www.politicalinformation.com/]
- Mega web index to public policy concerns
- Indexes news, political parties, policy papers and interest group web sites
ProQuest (UMich Only) [http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPUcxQw@@]
- Research Library indexes some 2500 journals in all fields since the 1980s
- Journals indexed by author, title, keyword, periodical, and date
- Sample search
- Provides the full text of many since the 1990s; use SFX-M button for those without the full text designation
- Articles may be marked for downloading
- Text in HTML and image formats
Public Affairs Information Service Bulletin (UMich Only)
- Subject index to books, articles, and government documents on politics and economics since 1972 in Western European languages
- Government documents include United States, United Nations, League of Nations, and State Governments
- Good for very current concepts, like suicide bombers
  - Sample Keyword Search: liberty and security
- There are also paper versions (English, 1915+, Z 7163 .P98 and foreign, 1968+, Z 7164 .E2 P96)
Worldwide Political Science Abstracts (UMich Only)
- Citations, abstracts, and indexing of the international serials literature since 1975
- Political science and complementary fields, including international relations, law, and public administration/policy
- Indexes foreign language journals and translates the title into English
- Sample Keyword Search: abu ghraib or guantanamo

Periodicals - Full Text [Web]

Electronic Journals and Newspapers (UMich Only) [http://www.lib.umich.edu/ejournals/]
- Alphabetic and subject lists of full text journals and newspapers
- Available to campus web sites and authenticated remote users
Congressional Quarterly (UMich Only) [http://library2.cqpress.com/cqweekly]
- Library has online: 1983-
- Weekly publication with non-partisan political analysis of Congress
- Identifies major legislation, the issues, and players
- Political party and election analysis
- Web coverage begins in 1983 and is searchable
- Sample search: liberty w/10 security
- Separate index for roll call votes beginning 1995
- 1946- available in Graduate Library stacks (JK 1.C12) with Almanac, 1946- in Documents Center (JK 1. C756)
Human Rights Quarterly, Feb. 1995- (UMich Only)
- Issues for 1981-1994 available through JSTOR
National Journal (UMich Only) [http://nationaljournal.com/pubs/nj/index.htm]
- National Journal is a weekly periodical that focuses on the politics of the Executive Branch with some reference to current legislation
- Full text on the web with National Journal group subscription
- Paper copy: JK 1 .N28 (1977-)
- Articles cover the Patriot Act
Political Science Quarterly, Spring 1998- (UMich Only)
- 1886-2000 in JSTOR (UMich Only)
Supreme Court Review, 2001- (UMich Only)
- 1960-1999 available through JSTOR

Think Tanks

Comprehensive Sources

Columbia International Affairs Online (UMich Only) [http://www.ciaonet.org/]
- Search engine indexes current world politics journals, books, conference proceedings, and think tank working papers
- Full text primarily of working papers
- Use primarily for detainment of suspected terrorists
Political Information [http://www.politicalinformation.com]
- Web index to 5000 public policy sites
- Sample search: "ethnic profiling" in quotation marks

Individual Think Tanks

Brookings Institution [http://www.brook.edu/default.htm]
- Private, non-profit, independent institute analyzing U.S. government policy and international relations
- Summaries of position papers on "hot topics" and selected Congressional testimony
- Table of contents for the Brookings Review and selected articles
- Publications catalog and information about the organization
- Use a keyword search of the web site to find articles on your topic
Cato Institute [http://www.cato.org/]
- Philosophy of limited government, free market, individual liberty, terrorism, and the Patriot Act
- "Hot Topics" has the text of Cato Institute position papers, arranged by subject and searchable by keyword
- Congressional testimony by institute representatives
Commonwealth Institute [http://www.comw.org/]
- Progressive think tank on defense and economic issues
- Numerous on-line analyses of U.S. defense posture, the Quadrennial Defense Review (federal government), and capitalism
- Some articles on civil liberties in relationship to terrorism
Congressional Research Service (Library of Congress/Thurgood Marshall Law School)
- CRS is the top-notch, non-partisan research arm of Congress
- Short reports are packed with information
- Browse the following topics: Criminal Procedure, Immigration, Terrorism and Homeland Security
Heritage Foundation [http://www.heritage.org/]
- Dedicated to limited government, individual freedom, a free market, and strong defense
- Some material on homeland security
- Text of public policy papers on various topics, including crime, education, foreign policy, health care, and trade
- Index of Economic Freedom for countries in the world
- Extensive list of conservative think tanks
- Numerous statistics in support of its positions
National Center for Policy Analysis [http://www.ncpa.org/]
- Non-profit, non-partisan public policy think tank
- Pro and con issue papers on health care, taxes, Social Security, welfare, education, and environment
- Background papers on high school debate topics supplemented by statistics
- Includes text of relevant bills and opinions of other think tanks
Rand Corporation [http://www.rand.org/]
- Non-profit research organization
- "Research Areas" includes a subject bibliography of RAND publications since 1985 with abstracts of the reports and articles in the RAND Research Review since 1994
- "Hot Topics" has the full-text of current policy papers
Russell Sage Foundation [http://www.russellsage.org/]
- Liberal think tank focused on research in the social sciences
- Describes organization
- Free working papers on inequality issues
The Century Fund [http://www.tcf.org/]
- Progressive think tank
- Position papers on economics, government, foreign policy, and health care
- Some material on homeland security.
United States Institute of Peace [http://www.usip.org/]
- Promotes the resolution of international conflict without violence
- Provides advice to other nations about the rule of law
- Describes the organization's work, internships and grants
- Bibliography of free printed publications

Lobby Groups

American Bar Association
American Civil Liberties Union
American Conservative Union
American Library Association
Amnesty International
Anti-Defamation League
Arab American Institute
Center for Individual Rights
Constitution Society
Federation of American Scientists
Human Rights First
Human Rights Watch
Judicial Watch
MoveOn
National Association of Attorneys General
OMB Watch
Open the Government
People for the American Way
TownHall

News Sources

United States

Academic Universe/Lexis (UMich Only)[http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/]
- Full text of newspapers from around the world in English translation since the mid-1980s
- News has subsections on General News, World News, and State News
- Use Guided Searching for full-text
New York Times
- Full text of today's New York Times and a searchable archive
- Initial registration required
- Registration currently free in the U.S. but organization reserves the right to charge
- Serials/Microforms has microfilm edition, 1851+ (FILM X979)
- Paper index in Reference Room, 1943+ as AI 21 .N53 with 1851-1942 in Graduate Library stacks
- Academic Universe (UMich Only) indexes the Times, 1969-79; full text begins in 1980
- Full Text, 1851-1999 (UMich Only) also available

Foreign

World News Connection (UMich Library Only) [http://wnc.dialog.com/]
- Full text of foreign news broadcasts and press releases translated into English beginning November 1994
- Use Advanced Search by a combination of keyword, region, subject, country and modified by date
- Regions are:
- Networked to University of Michigan IP addresses
London Times
- Daily and Sunday editions with searchable archive
- Initial registration required
- Full text available on Academic Universe (UMich Only) since 1985
- London Times, 1785-1985 in full text is also available

Subject-Specific Information

Civil Rights

Constitution of the United States Annotated (Findlaw)
- Text and annotations to the Constitution and its amendments
- Includes citations to cases which interpret its provisions
- Amendment 4 covers search and seizure and Amendments 5-8 on the rights of persons, particularly in civil and criminal trials
America after 9/11: Freedom Preserved or Freedom Lost?
- Hearing by the Senate Judiciary Committee, November 18, 2003
Amnesty International Report: United States in 2004
- London-based civil rights group slams U.S. for detainment procedures and prisoner abuse during 2004
Civil Rights (National Center for Policy Analysis)
- Will eventually include articles on the 4th and 5th amendments, non-citizens, American citizens, and theory
Civil Rights Commission
- Its Tolerance, Justice and Civil Rights in the Wake of the September 11 Tragedy includes press releases, testimony and recommendations to cities where Arabs and Muslims are reporting discrimination
- Civil Rights Commission Documents (Thurgood Marshall Law School)
  - Full text of U.S. Civil Rights Commission documents since 1957
  - Browsable by title, date, SUDOCS number and subject
Redefining Rights in America: The Civil Rights Record of the George W. Bush Administration, 2001-2004
- Draft report issued by the U.S. Civil Rights Commission in September 2004
- Details Bush Administration strategy on civil rights, voting rights, education, housing, crimes, and actions toward disadvantaged groups
- Concludes the Bush Administration has not shown leadership
- Another Copy
- This publication was removed from the Civil Rights Commission web site in January 2005

Court Cases

Court Cases (National Center for Policy Analysis)
- Various view points on persons arrested after 9/11, including John Walker Lindh and Richard Reid
Al Odah v. United States
- Text of D.C. Court of Appeals decision in 2003 allowing foreign nationals to be held at Guantanamo Bay prison
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
- U.S. has right to hold U.S. citizen an enemy combatant at Guantanamo
- Detainee has right to court system to claim illegal detention
- Decision issued June 28, 2004
- Oral Argument
Rasul v. Bush
- Foreign-born prisoners held as enemy combatants at Guantanamo Bay have a right to protest detention in U.S. courts
- Decision issued June 28, 2004
- Oral Arguments
Rumsfeld v. Padilla
- Lawsuit should be refiled in lower court since Rumsfeld is not personally holding the American-born Padilla as an enemy combatant
- Decision issued on June 28, 2004
- Oral Arguments
United States v. Zacarias Moussaoui
- Court Documents
  - Web site for the Eastern District of Virginia Court
  - Text of indictment, running commentary on status of case, pending court hearings
- Indictment
  - Six counts of criminal conspiracy to commit murder
  - Nineteen hijackers are listed as unindicted co-conspirators
- Prosecution Limitations
  - Order of October 2, 2003
    - Prohibits government from seeking the death penalty or prosecuting Moussaoui for 9/11 attacks
  - Memorandum Accompanying Order
- Suspected Terrorist Wants to Fire His Lawyers (CNN/Law)
  - Summary of Moussaoui's request for fire his lawyers, made April 22, 2002
  - Full text of request for better cell conditions

Detainee Treatment

COMPREHENSIVE

Amnesty International Report: United States in 2004
- London-based civil rights group slams U.S. for detainment procedures and prisoner abuse during 2004
Detainee Affairs
- Subsection of Defenselink with articles on detainee prison conditions
- Links to military commissions and lawsuits regarding detainees
Geneva Convention on Treatment of Prisoners of War
- Convention signed on August 12, 1949
Treatment of Detainees (National Center for Policy Analysis)
- Primarily articles on Guantanamo; some articles on Abu Ghraib are planned
September 11 Detainees: A Review of the Treatment of Aliens Held on Immigration Charges in Connection with the Investigation of the September 11 Attacks
- Report issued by the Justice Department's Office of Inspector General in June 2003
- Reviews INS regulations, notification of charges, delays in the clearance process, treatment while in detention in Brooklyn's Metropolitan Detention Center and the Passaic County Jail
- While almost all detainees were guilty of immigration violations, they were treated poorly
- Recommendations appear in Chapter 9
- Statistical analysis of detainees in Chapter 10

GUANTANAMO BAY DETAINEES

Court Cases
- Al Odah v. United States
  - Text of D.C. Court of Appeals decision in 2003 allowing foreign nationals to be held at Guantanamo Bay prison
- Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
  - U.S. has right to hold U.S. citizen an enemy combatant at Guantanamo
  - Detainee has right to court system to claim illegal detention
  - Decision issued June 28, 2004
  - Oral Argument
- Rasul v. Bush
  - Foreign-born prisoners held as enemy combatants at Guantanamo Bay have a right to protest detention in U.S. courts
  - Decision issued June 28, 2004
  - Oral Arguments
- Rumsfeld v. Padilla
  - Lawsuit should be refiled in lower court since Rumsfeld is not personally holding the American-born Padilla as an enemy combatant
  - Decision issued on June 28, 2004
  - Oral Arguments
Guantanamo Bay Gazette
- Weekly newsletter of the naval station
Articles on Prison Conditions
- Detainees Treated Humanely, Officials Say
  - Includes photos
- Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (1929)
- Judge to Hear Petition on Al-Qaeda Detainees
- Red Cross: Detainees are POW's
May 2005 Report on Prison Conditions and Other Documents
- Guantanamo and Beyond
  - Amnesty International's May 2005 report on conditions at Guantanamo Bay
- Cheney Offended by Amnesty Criticism
  - Article about Vice President Cheney's May 30, 2005 comments on "Larry King Live" in response to Amnesty International's report
- Bush's Response to Amnesty International report
  - President Bush's comments at May 31, 2005 news conference responding to Amnesty International allegations about abuse of detainees at Guantanamo Bay
- Amnesty International Response
  - Amnesty International's May 31, 2005 response to President Bush's comments

ABU GHRAIB

Key Media Articles
- Abuse of Iraqi POWS by GIs Probed (CBS)
  - Article about Dan Rather's interview with General Mark Kimmitt on Sixty Minutes II, April 28, 2004
  - Six soliders to undergo court martial for abusing prisoners in Iraq
- Iraq Abuse Photos Spark Outrage (BBC)
  - BBC news report of the abuse incident with videos from CBS
- New Details of Prison Abuse Emerge (Washington Post)
  - Photos and videos of prisoner abuse in Abu Ghraib
  - Leaked to the newspaper and published on May 21, 2004
  - Prisoner interviews
  - Article may require free registration
- New Yorker Articles by Seymour Hersh
  - Torture at Abu Ghraib (Seymour Hersh)
    - Details about abuse of Iraqi prisoners in Fall 2003
    - Summary of the classified report by General Antonio Taguba
    - Appears in New Yorker, May 10, 2004
  - Chain of Command was a follow-up article by Seymour Hersh in the May 17, 2004 issue
  - The Gray Zone: How A Secret Pentagon Program Came to Abu Ghraib
    - Article dated May 24, 2004
    - Special Access Program for military interrogation a result of failures to kill Al-Qaida leaders in Iraq
    - Charges that program approved by Defense Department's Stephen Cambone; Rumsfeld and Myers signed off; CIA objected
    - Sexual humiliation discussed as technique before the war
    - Statement by DOD Spokesman Lawrence DiRita (May 15, 2004)
  - UMich affiliates should also be able to access the articles using Proquest or Lexis-Nexis Academic
- Prison Visits by General Reported in Hearing (Washington Post)
  - Lawyer for Sgt. Chip Frederick alleges that General Ricardo Sanchez saw the abuse at Abu Ghraib
  - Article dated May 23, 2003
ACLU Torture FOIA
- Full text of unpublicized investigations on torture of U.S. prisoners in Afghanistan, Iraq, Guantanamo Bay, and the United States
- Obtained by the American Civil Liberties Union and released on December 14, 2004
Army Inspector General Detainee Operations Report
- Report lists 94 cases of prisoner abuse
- Released July 2004
CACI
- Civilian contractor for intelligence operations in Iraq
Geoffrey Miller Press Briefing
- Summary of comments by new general in command of Iraq detainee operations
- Assures human rights compliance
Independent Panel to Review DOD Detention Operations
- Determined that night operations at Abu Ghraib were unruly
- Various officers responsible for the environment up the chain of command
- Former Secretary of State James Schlesinger chaired the panel
- Released August 24, 2004
- Another copy
International Committee for the Red Cross Report
- Web site includes statements about its February 2004 report on Iraqi detainee abuse
- Full Text of Report is available from Truth Out, National Defense University, and University of Michigan
Investigation of Intelligence Activities at Abu Ghraib, Executive Summary (Washington Post)
- Known as the Fay Report and released on August 25, 2004
- Finds widespread abuse of prisoners by military intelligence personnel
- Another copy
LEGAL ADVICE
- Bush Administration Memoes on Torture (Washington Post)
  - Compilation of memoes from the Justice Department, Defense Department, Rumsfeld, legal counsels and President Bush on torture interrogation at Guantanamo, January 2002 - April 2003
  - Washington Post dated June 22, 2004
  - Use requires free registration
- Defense Department Torture Memo (Newsweek/MSNBC)
  - Article entitled New Torture Furor by Michael Hirsh and dated June 8, 2004
  - Text of March 6, 2003 memo entitled WORKING GROUP REPORT ON DETAINEE INTERROGATIONS IN THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM
  - Believed to be legal arguments for justifying intense interrogation tactics
  - Concludes that President as commander-in-chief may not be bound by international laws on torture
- Justice Dept. Memo on Torture
  - Justice Dept. Memo Says Torture 'May be Justified' (Washington Post)
    - Article dated June 13, 2004 describing CIA request for justification of more aggressive interrogation techniques
  - Text of Justice Dept. Torture Memo (Washington Post)
    - Memo dated August 1, 2002
    - 2.8 MB
  - John Ashcroft's Testimony on Memo (Washington Post)
    - Testimony of June 8, 2004 before the Senate Judiciary Committee
- White House Counsel Torture Memo
  - Memo by White House Counsel Alberto Gonzalez dated Jan. 25, 2002
  - Requests President to reconsider exclusion of Taliban and Al-Qaeda prisoners of war from Geneva Convention rules
  - Writes on behalf of the State Department
President Bush's Reaction
- Interview with Alhurra Television (May 5, 2004)
- Interview with Al Arabiya Television (May 5, 2004)
Prisoner Abuse: Patterns from the Past (National Security Archive)
- CIA interrogation training manuals from the 1963 and 1983
- Memo dated 1992 warning then Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney that Spanish language manuals meant for training intelligence officers in Latin America had objectionable material
Regulations Covering Prisoner Interrogation
- Army Field Manual 34-52: Intelligence Interrogation
  - Army regulations regarding the interrogation of prisoners
  - Appendix H covers various interrogation approaches and Appendix J covers the 1949 Geneva convention
- Army Field Manual 27-10: Law of Land Warfare
  - Combat regulations regarding persons
  - Treatment of prisoners
- Army Field Manuals - 34 Series includes related instructions on prisoners of war
- Interrogation Rules of Engagement
  - Available to Senate Armed Services Committee
  - Text not on web as of 5-13-04
Rumsfeld Testimony Before Congress
- Secy. of Defense Donald Rumsfeld testified before the Senate and House Armed Services Committee on May 7, 2004
- Prepared Statements before the Senate and Transcripts of Senate Testimony; Transcripts of House Testimony
- Congressional Universe (UMich Only)
  - Search under Testimony for "armed services" committees and date as May 7, 2004
Taguba Report (MSNBC)
- Text (but not annexes) of theoretically classified report by General Antonio Taguba on the treatment of prisoners in Abu Ghraib and other Iraqi prisons
- Completed in March 2004
- Another Copy (NPR)
- Another Copy (UMich)
- Official Government Version in "cold storage" as of May 11, 2004
- See ACLU Torture FOIA for additional pages
- Prepared Testimony
  - Prepared statements of General Antonio Taguba and Under Secretary of Defense Stephen Cambone before the Senate Armed Services Committee on May 11, 2004 and Transcripts of Q&A Testimony
U.S. Military in Torture Scandal (Guardian)
- Article blames civilian interrogation contractors for abuse and sexual abuse of Iraqi prisoners

Detainment

Detainment (National Center for Policy Analysis)
- Articles on detainment of U.S. citizens v. non-citizens
- Detainment without charge, enemy combatants, indefinite detainment
Amnesty International Report: United States in 2004
- London-based civil rights group slams U.S. for detainment procedures and prisoner abuse during 2004

Immigration/Ethnic Profiling

Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004
- Public Law 108-796 and S. 2845
- Numerous provisions on legal procedures to prevent terrorism
- Web site has text of all, debates in Congressional Record, and legislative history
- War on Terrorism: Immigration Enforcement since September 11, 2001
  - House Judiciary Committee hearing of May 8, 2003
- Immigration Enforcement Resources Authorized in the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004
  - Hearing before the House Judiciary Committee on March 3, 2005
Real ID Act of 2005
- Requirements for a national identification card
- Passed as Section B of H.R. 1268 (109th Congress) as Public Law 109-13
- Immigration: Analysis of the Major Provisions of H.R. 418, Real ID Act of 2005 (Congressional Research Service)
- American Immigration Lawyers Association
- CBO Cost Estimate
United States Citizenship and Immigration Service
- Welcome guide to the U.S.
- Forms and procedures for obtaining immigrant or nonimmigrant status
- Provides immigration statistics on non-immigrants, legal immigrants and naturalized citisens by country or origin and U.S. location

International Treaties

Geneva Convention on Treatment of Prisoners of War
- Convention signed on August 12, 1949
International Court of Justice
- International Court of Justice (World Court)
  - Selected court decisions since 1948; statutes and rules of the court
  - Current dockets include complaints, requests for provisional measures, oral pleadings, orders and decisions by judges, and press releases
- International Court of Justice (Cornell)
  - Full-text of International Court of Justice judgments, advisory opinions, and orders beginning 1996
  - Biographies and history of the court
  - Links to other international law web sites
- World Court Digest (Max Planck Institute)
  - Summary of opinions of International Court of Justice since 1986
  - Classified approach with searchable index
- Historical opinions and applications appear in Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders (Graduate Library JX 1971.6 .A7)
International Criminal Court
- International Criminal Court
  - Description of the court
  - Information for victims and the defense, including rules of procedure
  - On-going cases
  - Documents of the governing board
- Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
  - Text of the Rome Statute (1998) and succeeding preparatory commission documents
  - Material from 1995-97 not yet digitized
International Humanitarian Law (Intl Red Cross)
- Text of 89 treaties since 1856
- Ranges from maritime law and hospital ships to prisoners of war and landmines
- Searchable by subject or keyword
Multilateral Treaties (Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy)
- Historical and current international conventions on arms control, environment, human rights and trade
- Approach by topic or date with keyword index
- See especially the section on the Rules of Warfare
University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
- International human rights treaties arranged by subject and searchable by keyword
- United States human rights laws, speeches, reports, and historical materials
- International refugee and asylum information

Legal Issues

Laws

Constitution of the United States Annotated (Findlaw)
- Text and annotations to the Constitution and its amendments
- Includes citations to cases which interpret its provisions
- Amendment 4 covers search and seizure and Amendments 5-8 on the rights of persons, particularly in civil and criminal trials
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FAS)
- 1978 act requiring intelligence services to request judicial approval for electronic surveillance or physical searches
- Web site includes articles, testimony, annual reports on the act, executive orders and proposed amendments
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004
- Public Law 108-796 and S. 2845
- Numerous provisions on legal procedures to prevent terrorism
- Web site has text of all, debates in Congressional Record, and legislative history
- War on Terrorism: Immigration Enforcement since September 11, 2001
  - House Judiciary Committee hearing of May 8, 2003
- Immigration Enforcement Resources Authorized in the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004
  - Hearing before the House Judiciary Committee on March 3, 2005
United States Code
- United States Code (via Congressional Universe - UMich Only) [Web]
  - Search existing laws in force by keyword or U.S. Code citation
  - Updated within days of the passage of a new law
  - Provides U.S. Code text as well as references to bill and public law text
  - Locate under Bills, Laws, and Regulations
  - Surveillance appears in Title 18; aliens in Title 8; Uniform Code of Military Justice in Title 10
- United States Code (via Cornell Law School)
  - Text of all laws in force
  - Searchable by popular title of law, title and section of the U.S. Code, or keyword
  - Currently the best interface
  - Surveillance appears in Title 18; aliens in Title 8; Uniform Code of Military Justice in Title 10

Regulations

Attorney General's Guidelines on FBI Investigations (May 30, 2002)
- Lawful, Warrantless Monitoring of Verbal Communications
Code of Federal Regulations
- Code of Federal Regulations via Congressional Universe (UMich Only)
  - Search full text by keyword and agency
  - Updated every two weeks
- Code of Federal Regulations (GPO Access)
  - Search CFR by keyword or a combination of title, part, and page
  - Corresponding paper copy in Documents Center as JK 416.A5-Ref
  - Homeland Security is in Title 6 and Aliens in Title 8

Articles

Legal Issues and Definitions
- Articles on habeas corpus, enemy combatants

Liberty v. Security

Department of Justice Oversight: Preserving Our Freedoms While Defending Against Terrorism
- Hearing before the Senate Judificary Committee in December 2001 on the implementation of the USA Patriot Act
Liberty-Security Tradeoff (National Center for Policy Analysis)
- Handful of articles on the subject

Military Tribunals

Military Tribunals (National Center for Policy Analysis)
- Articles for and against their use
DOD Issues Military Commission Instructions
- Series of military tribunal orders covering qualifications and activities of prosectors, military and civilian defense attorneys, sentencing, and administrative procedures
- Issued May 2, 2003
Guantanamo Detainees Charged with Conspiracy to Commit War Crimes (DOD)
- Press release announcing trials of Ali Hamza Sulayman al Bahlul (Yemen) and Ibrahim Ahmed Mahmoud al Qosi (Sudan)
- Dated February 24, 2004
Department of Justice Oversight: Preserving Our Freedoms While Defending Against Terrorism
- Hearing before the Senate Judificary Committee in December 2001 on the implementation of the USA Patriot Act
Hamdan v. Rumsfield (Supreme Court)
- 5-3 decision (June 29, 2006) that President Bush does not have the authority to conduct military trials for Guantanamo detainees
- Lawsuit brough by former driver to Osama bin Laden
- Oral arguments were held on March 28, 2006
Presidential Military Order on Trying Terrorists
- International terrorism suspects to be tried by military rules of evidence
- Issued November 13, 2001
Procedures for Trials by Military Commissions for Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism
- Rules of evidence and trial rules
- Issued by Defense Department on March 21, 2002
- Another Copy

Patriot Act

USA Patriot Act (PL 107-56)
- Passed October 26, 2001
- Full text of act
Patriot Act Renewal: 2005
- H.R. 3199 (109th Congress)
  - Text of bill and legislative history of renewing the Patriot Act
- Senate Vote on Renewal
  - Vote on December 16, 2005 on renewing the Patriot Act was 52-47 but failed because it needed 60 in favor to avoid a filibuster by Russ Feingold
- Also see CQ Weekly Report
USA Patriot Act
- Text of act, articles for and against it; recommendations for reform
- Articles on posse comitatus (cannot use military to enforce domestic laws)
USA Patriot Act (Evergreen State College)
- Comprehensive guide to the ten provisions of the act
- Reports, analyses and news stories on various provisions tending toward opposition
USA Patriot Act (EPIC)
- Analysis of the act's provisions
- News stories on challenge to the act
- Numerous government and private association provisions on the act, including its search-and-seizure and wiretap provisions
USA Patriot Act and Intellectual Freedom (American Library Association)
- Text of act and numerous analyses by librarians on intellectual freedom concerns
USA Patriot Act: A Sketch (CRS)
- Short report summarizing the provisions effective through December 2005
USA Patriot Act: Provisions that Expire on December 31, 2005 (CRS/FAS)
Congressional Hearings
- Bill to Reauthorize Certain Provisions of the USA Patriot Act and for Other Purposes
  - Hearing held by the Senate Intelligence Committee on May 24, 2005
  - Prepared statements of witnesses only
  - Result was a call for administrative rather than judicial subpoenas for search and seizure
- Department of Justice Oversight: Preserving Our Freedoms While Defending Against Terrorism
  - Hearing before the Senate Judificary Committee in December 2001 on the implementation of the USA Patriot Act
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FAS)
- 1978 act requiring intelligence services to request judicial approval for electronic surveillance or physical searches
- Web site includes articles, testimony, annual reports on the act, executive orders and proposed amendments

Privacy

Pizza Order (ACLU)
- Video showing the private information that might someday be obtained about a person ordering pizza on the phone
- Includes health records and recent purchases
Real ID Act of 2005
- Requirements for a national identification card
- Passed as Section B of H.R. 1268 (109th Congress) as Public Law 109-13
- Immigration: Analysis of the Major Provisions of H.R. 418, Real ID Act of 2005 (Congressional Research Service)
- American Immigration Lawyers Association
- CBO Cost Estimate

Search and Seizure

Constitution - Fourth Amendment
- The Fourth Amendment covers search and seizure
- This annotated version describes the official interpretation as defined by the courts and cites individual cases
Constitution of the United States Annotated (Findlaw)
- Text and annotations to the Constitution and its amendments
- Includes citations to cases which interpret its provisions
- Amendment 4 covers search and seizure and Amendments 5-8 on the rights of persons, particularly in civil and criminal trials
Attorney General's Guidelines on FBI Investigations (May 30, 2002)
- Lawful, Warrantless Monitoring of Verbal Communications
Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section (USDOJ)
- Laws and departmental manuals for seizing computer evidence to prosecute a crime
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FAS)
- 1978 act requiring intelligence services to request judicial approval for electronic surveillance or physical searches
- Web site includes articles, testimony, annual reports on the act, executive orders and proposed amendments
Search and Seizure (National Center for Policy Analysis)
- Articles on search and seizure with and without probable cause
- Also includes wiretaps, body searches and the Patriot Act
President Discusses Patriot Act
- President Bush's speech calling for a renewal of all Patriot Act provisions
- Made June 9, 2005

Separation of Powers

Separation of Powers (National Center for Policy Analysis)
- Role of president, congress and the courts in war powers and military tribunals
Federalist Papers
- Describes theory behind the separation of powers in the constitution
- Written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

Surveillance

Constitution of the United States Annotated (Findlaw)
- Text and annotations to the Constitution and its amendments
- Includes citations to cases which interpret its provisions
- Amendment 4 covers search and seizure as well as surveillance and Amendments 5-8 on the rights of persons, particularly in civil and criminal trials
Attorney General's Guidelines on FBI Investigations (May 30, 2002)
- Lawful, Warrantless Monitoring of Verbal Communications
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FAS)
- 1978 act requiring intelligence services to request judicial approval for electronic surveillance or physical searches
- Web site includes articles, testimony, annual reports on the act, executive orders and proposed amendments
Surveillance
- Articles on surveillance with and without a court order, passenger pre-screening, and wiretaps

United States Government

Comprehensive Directories and Indexes

Federal Agency Web Sites [http://www.lib.lsu.edu/gov/fedgov.html]
- Cleancut alphabetical listing of federal agency web sites
- Includes search engine
First.Gov [http://www.firstgov.gov/]
- Portal to federal government information
- Initial web page oriented toward the citizen-consumer with links to forms, consumer recalls, etc.
- Search engine indexes most government web sites
- A simple search of "search and seizure" netted over 3000 items
Google Search Engine [http://www.google.com/unclesam]
- Web search engine devoted exclusively to sites with .gov and .mil extensions
- Excellent for federal policy papers

Executive Branch

Anti-Terrorism Community

United States Citizenship and Immigration Service
- Welcome guide to the U.S.
- Forms and procedures for obtaining immigrant or nonimmigrant status
- Provides immigration statistics on non-immigrants, legal immigrants and naturalized citisens by country or origin and U.S. location
Customs and Border Protection
- Advice to U.S. travellers about returning customs inspections
- Border and airport wait times
- Screening regulations
Department of Homeland Security
- Advice to citizens, first responders and governments in case of a terrorist attack
- Describes the U.S. Visit program, transportation security, and homeland security advisories
Transportation Security Administration
- Full text of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act and Privacy Impact Assessments
- Safety trips for travellers

Defense Community

DefenseLINK (Dept. of Defense) [http://www.defenselink.mil/]
- Defense Department speeches and press releases searchable by date or keyword
- Links to Defense Department agencies
Detainee Affairs
- Subsection of Defenselink with articles on detainee prison conditions
- Links to military commissions and lawsuits regarding detainees
United States Central Command
- Press releases on on-going wars
Related Documents Center Web Pages
- America's War Against Terrorism
- Iraq War Debate

Diplomatic Community

State Department [http://www.state.gov/]
- State Department speeches and foreign policy
- Digest of United States Practice in International Law
- Information on passports for U.S. citizens and visas for visitors to the United States
- Second Periodic Report of the United States of America to the Committee Against Torture (May 6, 2005)
  - Report to the United Nations on the anti-torture convention
- Additional material on human rights and anti-terrorism activities
Permanent Mission to the United Nations [http://www.un.int/usa/]
- Statements and speeches before the United Nations since January 1996
- Arranged chronologically with identification of topic
- Covers terrorism, war crimes, and the International Criminal Court

Intelligence Community

Central Intelligence Agency [http://www.odci.gov/]
- CIA is supposed to be limited to foreign intelligence
- Web site has speeches and strategies on terrorism
- See Studies in Intel Activities for articles on intelligence gathering techniques
- Press releases, testimony before Congress, and publications
- Factbook on Intelligence
  - History of the Central Intelligence Agency, key dates, and historic list of intelligence directors
Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Public explanation of the FBI's programs and sample electronic files of famous people LI>Report of the FBI's Handling of Intelligence Information Related to the September 11 Attacks
  - Redacted report released by the Justice Department's Office of Inspector General in June 2005
  - Says FBI agents dropped the ball on the use of airlines for terrorist attacks and two of the hijackers
  - Chapter 2 covers the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
  - University of Michigan version divided into chapters for ease of downloading
  - Full version of report from the FBI at: http://www.justice.gov/oig/special/0506/final.pdf
- For a description of techniques used in specific cases, try the Testimony section of Congressional Universe (UMich Only)
Intelligence Community [http://www.fas.org/irp/]
- Web site of the Federation of American Scientists
- Presidential Executive Orders and Directories, Defense Department Directories, laws and regulations affecting American intelligence
- Section on countering terrorism
National Security Council [http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/index.html]
- The NSC advises the President on military affairs and is headquartered in the White House
- History of the agency and a national security strategy
- Speeches from the Clinton era, 1993-2000, appear on the National Archives [http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/NSC/html/nschome.html] web site
Strategic Intelligence (Loyola) [http://www.loyola.edu/dept/politics/intel.html]
- Links to U.S. intelligence and military intelligence web pages as well as selected web pages of foreign countries
- Selected declassified documents and journal articles from Covert Action Quarterly
U.S. Intelligence Community (Columbia University) [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/lehman/intell.html]
- Chart describing relationship of U.S. intelligence agencies
- Annotated bibliography and web links to information on the CIA, DIA, NSC, NSA, FBI, Energy Department and State Department
- Histories, intelligence reform, bibliographies, classified and declassified documents, periodical articles

Law Enforcement Community

Bureau of Prisons
- Web site includes policies for treatment of prisoners
- List of federal prisons
Commission on Civil Rights
- Articles, hearings and reports on affirmative action, Indian rights, voting rights, and civil rights in the aftermath of 9/11
- Its Tolerance, Justice and Civil Rights in the Wake of the September 11 Tragedy includes press releases, testimony and recommendations to cities where Arabs and Muslims are reporting discrimination
Department of Justice
- Numerous legal briefings and public guidelines
- U.S. Attorney's manual has a section on civil rights
- The bottom of the Legal Documents page includes information on the Lindh, Moussaoui and Reid cases

President

Historical Material
- Presidential Decisions and Directives (Federation of American Scientists) [http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/direct.htm]
  - List of national security directives since President Truman
  - Full text of everything that has been declassified
  - Many of these are also available through the Digital National Security Archive (UMich Only)
- Public Papers of the Presidents, 1945+ (J 80 .A25) with a web version available through the American Presidency Project
- Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 1965+ (J 80 .A1 W38)
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 1993+ [http://www.gpoaccess.gov/wcomp/index.html]
- Full text of Presidential executive orders, speeches, press conferences, names of nominees
- Phrases should be in parentheses and Boolean operators capitalized (e.g. "china" AND "most favored nation")
- Table of contents search (contents AND "july 28, 1997)
White House Electronic Publications [http://www.whitehouse.gov/]
- Press releases, speeches and documents beginning January 2001 and updated daily
- Keyword searching only
- President Clinton's website is available through the National Archives [http://searchclinton.archives.gov/]

Legislative Branch

Publication	Definition	UMich Source	Public Access Source
Background Information	Identifies bills, keyplayers, politics of issue	Academic Universe Congressional Quarterly, 1983+ Congress Daily, 1991+ National Journal, 1977+ ProQuest	AllPolitics CRS Reports Google Uncle Sam Political Information
Bills	Proposed Legislation	Congressional Universe, 1989+ THOMAS, 1973+	THOMAS, 1973+
Hearings	Committee Testimony	Congressional Universe, 1789+ --Index, 1789+ --Full Text, 1988+	Legislative Sourcebook, 1995+ Selected full text
Committee Prints	Background Research	Congressional Universe, 1933+ --Index, 1933+ --Full Text, 1993+	Legislative Sourcebook, 1995+ Sometimes on committee web site
Committee Reports	Committee Recommendations	Congressional Universe, 1789+ --Index, 1789+ --Full Text, 1988+	GPO Access, 1995+
Congressional Record	Floor Debates	Congressional Universe, 1985+	THOMAS, 1993+,

Background
- Academic Universe (UMich Only) [http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/]
  - Full text of newspapers from around the world and journal articles
  - Search Government and Political News/Legislative News
  - Sample search: china w/10 (world trade organization or most favored nation)
- All Politics [http://www.cnn.com/allpolitics]
  - Today's political news from Time, CNN, and Congressional Quarterly
- Congress Daily (UMich Only) [http://nationaljournal.com/pubs/congressdaily/]
  - Full text of Hill news since 1991 and updated twice daily
  - Searchable by keyword and year
  - In Inside Washington section of Congressional Universe
- CQ Weekly Report (UMich Only) [http://library2.cqpress.com/cqweekly/]
  - Full text of CQ since 1983
  - Initial page boots up to current issue
  - Separate search engines for articles and roll call votes can be limited by year
  - Paper copy in Documents Center as JK 1.C12--Ref. with older issues in Graduate Library
  - Web subscription includes CQ Researcher which provides briefing reports on public policy issues
- Congressional Research Service (Library of Congress/Thurgood Marshall Law School)
  - CRS is the top-notch, non-partisan research arm of Congress
  - Short reports are packed with information
  - Browse the following topics: Criminal Procedure, Immigration, Terrorism and Homeland Security
- Google's Uncle Sam [http://www.google.com/unclesam]
  - Indexes federal government web pages with a .gov and .mil extension
  - Great for obtaining statements by members of Congress and reports of the Executive Branch
- National Journal [http://nationaljournal.com/pubs/nj/index.htm]
  - Weekly periodical on government agencies; includes major legislative issues
  - Full text, 1977+,
  - Also in Graduate Library as JK 1.N28 with current issues in Documents Center--Docs.Ref.
- Political Information [http://www.politicalinformation.com/]
  - Index limited to political information on the web
  - Links to full text
- ProQuest [http://www.lib.umich.edu/rrs/proquest.html]
  - Index to over 2300 popular and scholarly journals since the mid-1980s
  - Full text of numerous journals since the 1990s
Bills
- Congressional Universe (UMich Only) [http://web.lexis-nexis.com/congcomp/]
  - Indexes bills since 1989 by subject, keyword, sponsor, and date
  - Provides the full text and legislative status
  - Also includes the full text of laws and regulations in force
- THOMAS [http://thomas.loc.gov/]
  - Indexes bills since 1993 by keyword, sponsor and date
  - Provides the full text and status
Committee Publications
- Includes hearings (testimony), committee prints (research reports), reports (recommendations on bills), and documents (Executive Branch communiques)
- Congressional Universe (UMich Only) [http://web.lexis-nexis.com/congcomp/]
  - Indexes published hearings (1789+), committee prints (1933+), and reports (1789+) by subject, keyword, committee, and date
  - Provides an abstract of publications
  - All publications are located in the Documents Center under their microfiche number
  - Paper copies for 1995+ are generally located in the Documents Center under their SUDOCS number (begins with Y1 or y4) with some prior to that time in Buhr Storage
  - Includes the full text of selected testimony beginning 1988
- Legislative Sourcebook (Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C.)
  - Treasures include establishing persistent links to THOMAS and GPO legislative documents and GAO reports
  - Table lists Congresses, 1789-1999, plus serial set volumes and Presidential Executive Orders
  - Excellent lists of House and Senate hearings on the web
- Key Committees
  - House Committee on Armed Services
    - Investigates military prisons
    - Hearings from GPO
  - House Committee on Homeland Security
    - New committee handling intelligence issues
    - Hearings from 108th and earlier Congresses available from Government Reform web site
  - House Committee on the Judiciary
    - Currently investigating the reauthorization of the Patriot Act
    - Hearings from GPO
  - Senate Commitee on Armed Services
    - Oversight of military prisons
    - Hearings from GPO
  - Senate Committee on Intelligence
    - Witness statements at open meetings since 2001 but most meetings are closed
    - Legislation passed since 2001
    - FULL text of several post-9/11 available from GPO
  - Senate Committee on the Judiciary
    - Committee is handling border patrol, the Patriot Act, civil procedure
    - Use GPO for many of the hearings
Congressional Record [Web]
- Congressional Universe (UMich Only) [http://www.lexis-nexis.com/congcomp/]
  - Indexes Congressional Record since 1985 by keyword, speaker, and date
  - Provides the full text
  - Located under Congressional Publications
- THOMAS [http://thomas.loc.gov]
  - Indexes speeches on the floor of Congress by subject, Member of Congress, and date since 1993

Judiciary

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts
- Articles on and a description of the U.S. court system
- Directory of automated access to court records arranged by type of court and district
- Circuit and District Courts are listed in its Links section
CQ Supreme Court Collection (UMich Only)
- Brief analysis of cases, background readings, and links to the most important related cases
- Sorts information for use by non-lawyers
- Covers selected cases through 1968 and all decisions since 1969
Supreme Court, 2000+ (Official Web Site)
- Description of the court, calendars, bar admissions and court rules
- Most documents in pdf format only
- Opinions and oral arguments since 2000
Supreme Court Decisions, 1893+ via FindLaw
- Decisions searchable by citation, title, and full text
- Also browsable by year or volume number though once identified the cases still require searching
- Full text of opinions include hypertext links to footnotes and related cases
Supreme Court Decisions, 1789+ via Academic Universe (UMich Only)
- Found under Legal research section
- Search opinion by keyword, date, plaintiff, defendant, justice writing opinion
- Provides full text and commentary
- Shepards, located in the same area, allows user to follow a case by its official number to determine its current status and where it has been subsequently cited

Additional Resources

University of Michigan

University of Michigan High School Debate Institute [http://www.michigandebate.com/]
- Description of various debate programs, application forms and financial aid
- Outline of the issues, information for ordering the debate handbook
- Web resources
Undergraduate Library [http://www.lib.umich.edu/ugl/classes/debate/]
- Library resources, libraries on campus and debate hours

Internet Search Engines

Excite [http://www.excite.com/]
- Extremely fast index to the contents of web pages
Fast Search [http://www.alltheweb.com/]
- Fastest search engine on the web
- Links to over 2 million web pages
Google Uncle Sam Search [http://www.google.com/uncldesam]
- Fast search engine which indexes only .gov and .mil web sites
- Excellent for obtaining U.S. policy information

Research Guides

Searchpath Research Tutorial [http://www.lib.umich.edu/ugl/searchpath/]
- Web tutorial on finding books and journal articles as well as evaluating the web
- Citing sources
Political Science Reference Tools
- Dictionaries, biographies, maps, thesauri
Citation Guides
- Guides to citing online sources and government documents

Grace York, Coordinator, Documents Center
Frank Lester, Documents Librarian
University of Michigan Library

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