IRAQI WAR DEBATE - 2002/2007

Iraq War Debate - 2002/2007

Documents in the News Special
and
Political Science 498
Dr. Raymond Tanter

(UMich Only) following a link means it is only available to people accessing it on the University of Michigan's Ann Arbor campus or to registered University of Michigan users.

Last updated on April 30, 2009

Books and Articles

Comprehensive Sites

Government Views on Iraq (CUNY)
- Extensive analysis of speeches and documents on the Iraq War issued by the federal government or United Nations
- Ranges from statements on the Bush doctrine to debaathification
War on Terrorism: Saddam Hussein and Iraq (East Carolina University)
- Covers news, government documents, human rights, military options, weapons inspection, and the impact of sanctions
- Includes link to a companion page on post-Saddam Iraq
- Quality links and brief annotations
Terrorism and Proliferation (Ray Tanter)
- Course notes and readings on dealing with terrorists
- Competing political theories for combatting terrorism
- Aspects of the war with Iraq
- Includes excerpts from Dr. Tanter's Rogue Regimes

This webmaster gratefully thanks Dr. Raymond Tanter and Mr. David Durant for their inspiration and well-chosen sources

Books and Research Studies

MIRLYN-Web for books and research reports within the University of Michigan Library system
SUBJECT Searching uses controlled vocabulary. Sample headings:

Boolean Logic

Keyword Searching in MIRLYN-Web

Illustration	MIRLYN-Classic	MIRLYN-Web	Universe Products	ProQuest	OCLC/PAIS	IPSA
PHRASE	k=security adj council	security w council	security council	"security council"	security w council	security council
AND	k=weapons adj inspections and iraq	weapons w inspections and iraq	weapons inspections and iraq	"weapons inspections" and iraq	weapons w inspections and iraq	weapons inspections and iraq
OR	k=myanmar or burma	myanmar or burma	myanmar or burma	myanmar or burma	myanmar or burma	myanmar or burma
NOT	k=yugoslavia not serbia	yugoslavia not serbia	yugoslavia and not serbia	yugoslavia and not serbia	yugoslavia not serbia	yugoslavia not serbia
NESTED SEARCHING	k=war adj crimes and (yugoslavia or serbia)	war w crimes and (yugoslavia or serbia)	war crimes and (yugoslavia or serbia)	"war crimes" and (yugoslavia or serbia)	war w crimes and (yugoslavia or serbia)	war crimes and (yugoslavia or serbia)
TRUNCATION	k=crim?	crim?	crim!	crim?	crim?	crim*

TIP: No one can remember this. Quotation marks (") usually work for phrases and asterisks (*) for truncation. You can always do the search and read the directions if you don't like the results. There's a more complete guide at http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/training/boolean.pdf

Periodical Indexes - Indexes Only

Use SFX button to link to the online journal text OR
University of Michigan catalog for the paper copy call number OR
Inter-Library Loan

International Political Science Abstracts, 1989+ (UMich Only)
- Index to scholarly political science journal articles in Western European languages
- Choose IPSA from the menu first; go to the next screen before searching
- Sample search: Iraq near economic sanctions
- Searches may be recombined
- Data includes author, title, journal, and abstract in English if the article is in English
- If the article is in another language, the title is translated into English but the abstract is in French
PsycInfo (UMich Only)
- Indexes articles in scholarly psychological journals since 1888
- Does not provide full text
- Access through MIRLYN-Web/Indexes
Public Affairs Information Service Bulletin (UMich Only)
- Subject index to books, articles, and government documents on politics and economics since 1972 in Western European languages
- Government documents include United States, United Nations, League of Nations, and State Governments
- Good for very current concepts, like suicide bombers
  - Sample Keyword Search: suicide w bomb?
- There are also paper versions (English, 1915+, Z 7163 .P98 and foreign, 1968+, Z 7164 .E2 P96)
Social Sciences Citation Index 1956- (UMich Only)
- Indexes current periodical articles by author, title/keyword, journal, and author's affiliation
- Indexes cited authors by name, abbreviated title of book/journal and year
- Results provide cross references between the cited author, the citating author, and related items
- Data base also includes the Arts and Humanities and Sciences Citation Indexes
- Consider using an EASY SEARCH/Person/Articles by and then search tanter r*; look for articles that cite his previous articles
- Connect to MIRLYN-Web, to identify library location and call number of book or article
Worldwide Political Science Abstracts (UMich Only)
- Citations, abstracts, and indexing of the international serials literature since 1975
- Political science and complementary fields, including international relations, law, and public administration/policy
- Indexes foreign language journals and translates the title into English
- Use the Thesaurus to identify subject descriptors and related terms, particularly under Rational Choice and Political Science Theories

Periodicals - Full Text [Web]

COMPREHENSIVE SOURCES

Columbia International Affairs Online (UMich Only)
- Search engine indexes current world politics journals, books, conference proceedings, and think tank working papers
- Full text primarily of working papers
- Good source for multiple deterrence options
- Search engine includes keywords as well as broad headings such as Conflict Resolution
JSTOR (UMich Only)
- Full text of major 20th Century historical and economic periodicals as well as the American Political Science Review, American Journal of International Law, International Organization, Journal of Conflict Resolution, and World Politics
- Most periodicals available from 1900 to within the last five years
- Index approaches by keyword, author, title, periodical
- Printing and downloading requires Adobe Acrobat or JPRINT
- Keyword searching uses highly theoretical concepts; e.g. deterrence or conflict resolution [full text] in political science and middle east journals lists only 6 articles
ProQuest (UMich Only)
- Indexes some 2500 journal articles in all fields since the 1980s and provides the full text of many since the late 1990s
- Includes popular and scholarly titles, such as Comparative Politics, Governing, International Political Science Review, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, and World Politics
- Journals indexed by author, title, keyword, periodical, and date
- Articles may be marked for downloading
- Text in HTML and image formats
- NOTE: this is a great source for current events, such as the psychology of suicide bombers; limiting articles of periodicals provides higher quality information
  - SAMPLE SEARCH: suicide bomb? and periodicals only
Psych Articles (UMich Only)
- Full text of 50 leading psychological journals published in the United States
- Searchable by keyword, author, journal, population group

INDIVIDUAL JOURNAL TITLES

American Journal of International Law, 1907+ (UMich Only)
- Articles on international legal disputes and human rights
- Articles on rules of warfare
American Political Science Review
- American Political Science Review, 1906-98 (UMich Only)
  - Full text of the periodical digitized at UMich through a Mellon grant
  - Searchable by keyword and field or browsable by issue
  - Printing and downloading requires Adobe Acrobat or JPRINT
- American Political Science Review, 1988+ (UMich Only)
  - Premier periodical of the American Political Science Association
  - Full text available through ProQuest subscription
Congressional Quarterly (UMich Only)
- Weekly publication with non-partisan political analysis of Congress
- Identifies major legislation, the issues, and players
- Roll call votes
- Political party and election analysis
- Web coverage begins in 1983 and is searchable
Foreign Affairs (Council on Foreign Relations)
- Summaries of articles in current issue and full text of lead article
- Contents searchable by author, subject, and issue since 1988 but full text not provided
- The printed copy of the periodical is located in the Graduate Library stacks (JX 1 .F78) with current issues in Serials Services
- Issues for 1923-1995 available through PCI Full Text (UMich Only) and 1986 to present in ProQuest (UMich Only)
Foreign Policy, 1994+ (UMich Only)
- Short articles on foreign policy issues; some anonymous
International Organization, 1997+ (UMich Only)
- Subjects include international agencies and treaty negotiations
- Issues for 1947-2004 available through Jstor (UMich Only)
International Studies Quarterly, 1997+ (UMich Only)
- Scholarly journal of the International Studies Association
- Issues for 1967-2004 available through JSTOR (UMich Only)
International Security 1976-2003 (JSTOR)(UMich Only)
- Military and peace issues
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1998+ (UMich Only)
- War and conflict management between nations
- Issues for 1957-2004 available through JSTOR (UMich Only)
Journal of Peace Research, 1998+ (UMich Only)
- Mediation, conflict resolution, war, democratic peace
- Issues for 1967-2004 available through JSTOR (UMich Only)
Middle East Report (1996+)
- Selected articles on countries in the Middle East and Central Asia
- Includes reports on Iraq
- Issues for 1988-2004 available through JSTOR (UMich Only)
Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA)
- Journal provides numerous articles on Middle East issues and current contents lists from other journals
- U.S. Middle East Policy Database provides extensive annual summaries of U.S. foreign policy, 1980+
- Links to news, facts, and countries in the Middle East as well as a global calendar of events
National Journal (UMich Only)
- Extensive coverage of the Executive Branch and Presidency with reference to Congressional issues
- Index and full text of this weekly magazine since 1977
Online Middle East Assessment Reports (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
- Short reports on demographic, economic and military trends within various regions of the Middle East
- Full text in pdf format
Political Science Quarterly, 1996+ (UMich Only)
- Articles on a variety of U.S., foreign, and international relations topics
- Issues for 1886-2002 available through JSTOR (UMich Only)
World Politics
- World Politics, 1948-95 (UMich Only)
  - Political theory in international relationships
  - Full text converted by the JSTOR project
  - Searchable by author, title, and keyword
  - Full text can be printed or downloaded using Adobe Acrobat or tifflist
- World Politics, April 1996+ (UMich Only)
  - Full text of periodical with search engine
  - Part of University of Michigan networked subscription to Project Muse

News Sources

Comprehensive News Summaries of Iraqi Situation

BBC Overview
- Description of U.S. position on Iraq
- Stories on European opinion and conflicting opinions between Middle East countries and Iraqi Refugees
- Texts of pre-war documents
- Coverage of post-war controversy
Electronic Iraq
- News from an antiwar perspective
Iraq and the War on Terrorism (Washington Post)
- Questions and answers about a potential war with Iraq, including who supports the war, Iraq's weapons of mass destruction, and its involvement in 9/11
- Answers include links to previous Post articles
- Showdown Iraq (CNN)
  - Sections on the Gulf War, weapons inspections, military plans, maps showing support for war
  - Page archived in 2003, but casuality lists still updated regularly.
- War Report (Center for Defense Alternatives)
  - Selected newspaper and journal articles analyzing the war

Foreign News

Comprehensive Lists

Academic Universe/Lexis (UMich Only)
- Full text of newspapers from around the world in English translation for last several years
- Choose News/Guided News Search from main screen
  - Then choose World News and a region of the world; you can click on sources to determine what is covered for each region
- Sample Search

Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 1975-96 (UMich Only)

Indexes foreign radio broadcasts and newswires translated into English
Approach by keyword, title, subject, and region
Once the translations are identified, you can find the text in the Serials/Microforms Room
Guide to FBIS
Continued by the World News Connection


 INDEX CODE   SERIES NAME               FICHE #        YEARS COVERED 
                                        Call Number # 
 
 AAP  *       Asia and the Pacific      Micro-F X211   1974-87
 AFR  **      Africa (Sub-Sahara)       Micro-F X212   1987-96
                                         DT348.A24U529  current
 EAS  *       East Asia                 Micro-F X211   1987-96
                                         DS1.U59A39     current
 EEU          Eastern Europe            Micro-F X209   1974-96
                                         DR1.U58A239    current
 LAT          Latin America             Micro-F X213   1974-96
 MEA  **      Middle East and Africa    Micro-F X212   1974-87
 NES  **      Near East and South Asia  Micro-F X212A  1987-96
                                         DS41.D14       current
 PRC          China                     Micro-F X208   1974-96
                                         DS701.U529     current
 SOA  ***     South Asia                Micro-F X215   1980-87
 SOV  ***     Soviet Union              Micro-F X210   1974-91
              Central Eurasia           Micro-F X210   1991-present
 USR  ****    Central Eurasia           Micro-F X210   1993-94
 WEU          Western Europe            Micro-F X214   1974-96
 
 ______________________
 *      In 1987 AAP (Asia and Pacific) series became EAS (East Asia)
 **     In 1987, MEA (Middle East & Africa) dropped  Mid East & became
        AFR (Sub-Saharan Africa).  South Asia added it, becoming
        NES (Near East & South Asia).
 ***    In 1991, the Soviet Union Daily Report became the Central 
Eurasian
        Daily Report.  The mnemonic remains SOV.
 ****   In 1991, the index began covering JPRS reports on Political 
Affairs
        of the CIS, citing them as the Central Eurasian Report (USR).

Foreign News Sources (Yahoo)
- Extensive list arranged by country
International Broadcasting (VOA)
- Links to foreign broadcasting web sites
International Network Information Centers (University of Texas) [Web]
- Sections on Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Russia/Eastern Europe
- Considerable background information on individual countries
- Includes references to discussion and newsgroups
Middle East Research Institute Special Dispatch
- Selective translations of the Middle East news media on current events, including the war with Iraq
- Series focused on major current events since 1998
Ultimate News Links
- Lists 3,700 newspaper web sites from around the world
- Arranged by continent/country/state or province
- Includes foreign language newspapers
World News Connection (UMich Only)
- Full text of foreign news broadcasts and press releases translated into English beginning November 1994
- Searchable by keyword, region and subject, or Boolean logic and modified by date
- Available to University of Michigan IP addresses
- Continues the Foreign Broadcast Information Service

INDIVIDUAL SOURCES

Abu Dhabi
- Current gulf news covered by the United Arab Emirates
Al-Jazeera (English Version)
- Television network to the Arab world from Qatar
- Al-Jazeera (Arabic); use Tarjim to translate to English
Arab Net
- Overview, history, business, cultural, government, and tour information for each Arab country
- Government information includes summaries of the national structure, foreign policy, education, health, and the military
- News in Arabic and links to related web sites
Arabic Media Internet Network
- Extensive links to on-line news media from Arab countries
- Texts in English or Arabic
Arabic Press
- Links to internet versions of Middle Eastern newspapers
- Arabic and English
British Broadcasting Corporation
- Text of news, culture, science, and children's programs, primarily beginning 1996
- News screen only lists current programs; use the SEARCH key to access the archives
Cairo Press Review
- Daily headlines and editorials from Cairo newspapers translated into English
Debkafile
- Dubbed the "Drudge Report of the Middle East"
- Anti-terrorism news
Inside China Today
- News, business, culture, and travel information
- News service archived to December 1, 1996
Iran Weekly Press Digest
- Internal, economic, and foreign affairs news summary
- Current selected articles available without a subscription
Iraq Net
- Current news stories in English from an American perspective
- Web logs
Iraq-Report
- Weekly news summary about Iraqi politics since 1998
- Reporting appears to be objective
- Issued by Radio Free Europe, a U.S. government project
Jerusalem Post (Internet Edition)
- Full text of current edition
Jordan Times
- Last week of political and economic news
- Covering the Iraq situation
Russia Today
- News, business, culture, and travel information for Russia and CIS countries
- News service archived to December 2, 1996
Saudi Arabia Information Service
- Daily news translated into English
- Archive includes Prince Saud's statements on terrorism and previous expulsion of Osama bin Laden
Sky News
- U.K. coverage of war featuring reporters in the field
Turkish Daily News
- News, opinions, and letters to the editor in English
- Coverage of Iraq and Palestinian situations
- Searchable archive from 1996

United States

Academic Universe/Lexis (UMich Only)
- Full text of newspapers from major U.S. cities and well as those from around the world
- Choose Guided News Search from main screen
  - May choose General News/Major Papers (major world newspapers, including New York Times), U.S. News/Region (locally recognized newspapers), World News (international newspapers in English), or News Transcripts/broadcaster (talking heads)
- Sample Search
Cable News Network (CNN)
- News stories on current political issues, often with the full-text of relevant documents
- Recent material and election coverage archived in subject groups
- Summaries or full text of recent CNN political programs
Christian Science Monitor
- Daily newspaper with the full text of lead articles (U.S., international, cultural, crossword)
- Archive back to 1980 searchable by subject and available from pulldown menu
MSNBC
- Current news, weather, and sports
- Features real-time and multimedia presentations
- Use "Find" button in lefthand frames to search archive
- Maximized for Microsoft Internet Explorer
New York Times
- Full text of today's New York Times and a searchable archive
- Initial registration required
- Registration currently free in the U.S. but organization reserves the right to charge
Washington Post
- Full text of current issue and searchable archive
- International section has news and web links to individual countries

Think Tanks [Web]

Brookings Institution
- Private, non-profit, independent institute analyzing U.S. government policy and international relations
- Summaries of position papers on "hot topics" and selected Congressional testimony
- Table of contents for the Brookings Review and selected articles
- Publications catalog and information about the organization
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Reports, working papers, and analyses of news articles on the conflict with Iraq
Center for Defense Information
- Arms Trade Data Base provides the text of news articles on arms trade, arranged by country
- Weekly Defense Monitor includes position papers
- U.S. military spending clock
- Eye on Iraq includes several policy assessments
Center for International and Strategic Studies
- Organizations conducts numerous projects around the world
- Use search engine to identify policy papers on Iraq
Center for Public Integrity
- Its Iraq War Card, released in 2008 documents 935 false or misleading statements about Iraq in the two years following the World Trade Center bombing
Columbia International Affairs Online (UMich Only)
- Search engine indexes current world politics journals, books, conference proceedings, and think tank working papers
- Full text primarily of working papers
Council on Foreign Affairs
- Summaries of articles from its journal, Foreign Affairs
- Confronting Iraq
  - Special issue of Foreign Affairs magazine devoted to Iraq
  - Five scholarly articles from 1990 and 2000-2002
  - Articles analyze the Gulf War, Saddam's ability to survive, and a call for war after failed containment
Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace
- Description of programs, research, and archival holdings
- Text of press releases
- Search Iraq for the text of articles and transcripts
Rand Corporation
- Non-profit research organization
- "Research Areas" includes a subject bibliography of RAND publications since 1985 with abstracts of the reports and articles in the RAND Research Review since 1994
- "Hot Topics" has the full-text of current policy papers
- Use search engine for reports and op-ed pieces on Iraq
Saban Center for Middle East Policy
- Offshoot of the Brookings Institution
- Biweekly memoes and articles analyzing Iraqi and U.S. policy
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
- Promotes international disarmament
- Summaries of the SIPRI Yearbook, beginning 1993, cover major armed conflicts, military spending, and disarmament developments
- Describes SIPRI research areas, such as its Chemical and Biological Disarmament program
- Its Iraq and Arms Control is a summary of articles from the SIPRI Yearbook on Iraq for the past ten years
United States Institute of Peace
- Promotes the resolution of international conflict without violence
- Describes the organization's work, internships and grants
- Bibliography of free printed publications
- Its Iraq Web Links primarily cover material through 1998 but include a smattering of Bush Administration documents
Washington Institute for Near East Policy
- Leading think tank analyzing options for U.S. policy with the Palestinian/Israel Conflict and Iraq
- Numerous reports and working papers
- Its Publications page is browsable by subject; some publications can be downloaded
- Its Peacewatch page has numerous working papers for downloading
- Numerous articles on Iraq are linked from Professor Ray Tanter's Course Syllabus

Humor

Iraq War Cartoons
- Cartoons of Saddam regime, Bush administration, and journalists
These Weapons of Mass Destruction Cannot Be Displayed
- British web site designed as a web error message

THREAT ASSESSMENTS

Chemical/Biological Warfare

Chemical and Biological Warfare (University of Bradford)
- Full text of Fourth Review Conference Documents (1996) and historic treaties
- Link to "Review Conferences Page" provides working papers, conference papers, and briefs
- Also provides excellent links to web sites on chemical and biological weapons disarmament
Combatting Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Congressional Commission Report [http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/pdf/deutch.pdf]
- Outlines potential dangers from weapons by other countries, including old Russian stockpiles and Iraq's anthrax
- Recommends changes in U.S. policy
- Deutch report, 1999
Harvard-Sussex on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation [http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/spru/hsp/]
- Text and signatories of the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention, 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, and 1925 Geneva Protocol
- Publications catalog of the program
Monterey Institute Chemical and Biological Weapons Resource Page
- Numerous articles and fact sheets on chemical and biological weapons
- A chart of countries which own them
- Timelines on the use of chemical and biological weapons
- Assessments of weapons in the Middle East by country
- Consider current data on terrorism

Intelligence Problems

Ahmed Chalabi
- Chalabi's Baghdad Compound Raided (CNN, May 20, 2004)
- Chalabi Suspected of Giving U.S. Secrets to Iran (CNN, May 21, 2004)
- Manipulator (New Yorker, June 6, 2004)
Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Believes miscalculation on Iraq's WMD due to biased intelligence analysis, lack of information sharing, and absence of strong leadership
- Known as the Robb-Silberman Report
- Presented to President Bush on the March 31, 2005
Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD (CIA)
- Concludes that Iraq had no secret cache of Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Saddam's capacity to create them weakened after 1991
- Written by Charles Duelfer of the Iraq Survey Group
- Available in HTML and PDF formats
- Originally osted to the web on October 6, 2004 but too large to be usable until December 2004
- Summary (readable)
- Prepared Testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Oct. 26, 2004
- University of Michigan Copy of Duelfer Report
  - Volume 1 (52.5 MB)
    - Transmittal, Acknowledgements, Scope Note (1.59 MB)
    - Regime Strategic Intent (2.2 MB)
    - Regime Strategic Intent Annexes (2.34 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement, p. 1-71 (11.6 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement, p. 72-141 (8 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes A (4.8 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes B-C (12.5 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes D-H (9.56 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes I-L (3.97 KB)
  - Volume 2 (74.2 MB)
    - Delivery Systems (14.1 MB)
    - Delivery Systems Annexes (8.12 MB)
    - Nuclear (12.6 MB)
    - Nuclear Annexes A-B (7.32 MB)
    - Nuclear Annexes C-D (3.87 MB)
    - Nuclear Annex E (64 KB)
    - Nuclear Annex F, p. 1-5 (12.4 MB)
    - Nuclear Annex F, p. 6-10 (14.7 MB)
    - Nuclear Annex G (2.2 MB)
  - Volume 3 (71.6 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons (8.7 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons Annex A (7.95 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons Annex B (8.8 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons Annexex C-F (10.3 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons Annex G (15.2 MB)
    - Biological Weapons (10.5 MB)
    - Biological Weapons Annexes (9.11 MB)
    - Glossary (94 KB)
David Kay
- Interim Report
  - Interim progress report by the Iraq Survey Group
  - Excerpted testimony in closed hearings held by House and Senate Intelligence Committees on October 2, 2003
  - No WMD found in Iraq though some evidence of dual facilities
  - Iraqi scientists have provided no useful information
  - Another copy
- Iraq Arms Inspector Casts Doubt on WMD Claims
  - Tape of National Public Radio Interview aired on January 25, 2004
  - David Kay resigned from WMD hunt
  - No war-ready WMD found although there may have been some movement of weapons to Syria
  - Audio for Real Player or Windows Media Player
  - For transcript, University of Michigan affiliates should use Academic Universe; Guided News Search/News Transcripts/NPR; then search for Kay and Iraq in headline on Jan. 25, 2004
- His testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee on Jan. 28, 2004 is only available electronically through C-Span using RealPlayer
Committee Established to Review Intelligence on WMD (GtBrit)
- Statement by British foreign minister Jack Straw to Parliament on February 3, 2004
- Outlines mission, timetable, and members of commission to review Iraq's WMD intelligence
- Review of Intelligence on on Weapons of Mass Destruction (Butler Report)
  - Available through the BBC
  - Report says MI6 did not check its sources well and a 45-minute strike at Britain was an unfounded claim
  - Released July 2004
Executive Order Creating Intelligence Commission
- Order by President Bush on February 6, 2004
- Intelligence Commission on WMD to report on March 31, 2005
- Co-chairs are Senator Chuck Robb and Judge Laurence Silberman
- Additional members: Senator John McCain; Lloyd Cutler, former White House Counsel to Presidents Carter and Clinton; Rick Levin, the President of Yale University; Admiral Bill Studeman, the former Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency; Judge Pat Wald, a former judge on the D.C. Court of Appeals
Levin Says Newly Declassified Information Indicates Bush Administration's Use of Pre-War Intelligence Was Misleading
- Press release from Senator Carl Levin on November 6, 2005
- Indicates discrepancy between Administration's WMD claims, Hussein/al-Qaeda relationship, and Hussein religious ties and statements given by the Defense Intelligence Agency
Postwar Findings about Iraq's WMD Program and Links to Terrorism and How They Compare with PreWar Assessments
- Report evaluates CIA prewar assessments of Iraq's WMD capability and its links to terrorism
- Released by the Senate Intelligence Committee on September 8, 2006
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments of Iraq
- Report faults CIA for group think in assuming Iraq had weapons of mass destruction
- Released July 2004
- Full report is 524 pages in pdf format
Tenet Address on WMD Intelligence
- Speech by CIA Director George Tenet on February 5, 2004
- Defends CIA's pre-war intelligence on Iraq's WMD
Tenet Resignation
- CIA Boss Tenet Resigns (CBS, June 3, 2004)
- CIA Director George Tenet Resigns (ABC, June 3, 2004)
- Tenet Resigns as CIA Director (CNN, June 3, 2004)
The Unknown: CIA and the Pentagon Take Another Look at Iraq and Al-Qaeda
- Article by Jeffrey Goldberg appearing in the New Yorker on Feb. 3, 2003
Use by the Intelligence Community of Information Provided by the Iraqi National Congress
- Explores role of Ahmed Chalabi and inaccurate information supplied by anti-Saddam forces
- Released by the Senate Intelligence Committee on September 8, 2006

Iraqi WMD Threat

Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD (CIA)
- Concludes that Iraq had no secret cache of Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Saddam's capacity to create them weakened after 1991
- Written by Charles Duelfer of the Iraq Survey Group
- Posted to the web on October 6, 2004 but too large to be usable
- Summary (readable)
- Prepared Testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Oct. 26, 2004
- University of Michigan Copy of Duelfer Report
  - Volume 1 (52.5 MB)
    - Transmittal, Acknowledgements, Scope Note (1.59 MB)
    - Regime Strategic Intent (2.2 MB)
    - Regime Strategic Intent Annexes (2.34 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement, p. 1-71 (11.6 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement, p. 72-141 (8 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes A (4.8 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes B-C (12.5 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes D-H (9.56 MB)
    - Regime Finance and Procurement Annexes I-L (3.97 KB)
  - Volume 2 (74.2 MB)
    - Delivery Systems (14.1 MB)
    - Delivery Systems Annexes (8.12 MB)
    - Nuclear (12.6 MB)
    - Nuclear Annexes A-B (7.32 MB)
    - Nuclear Annexes C-D (3.87 MB)
    - Nuclear Annex E (64 KB)
    - Nuclear Annex F, p. 1-5 (12.4 MB)
    - Nuclear Annex F, p. 6-10 (14.7 MB)
    - Nuclear Annex G (2.2 MB)
  - Volume 3 (71.6 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons (8.7 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons Annex A (7.95 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons Annex B (8.8 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons Annexex C-F (10.3 MB)
    - Chemical Weapons Annex G (15.2 MB)
    - Biological Weapons (10.5 MB)
    - Biological Weapons Annexes (9.11 MB)
    - Glossary (94 KB)
Congressional Hearings in Congressional Universe (UMich Only)
- Search CIS Index, 1970+ by subject to identify numerous hearings on the U.S. assessment of Iraq
- Selected testimony available on line; full text in Documents Center in paper and/or microfiche
- Non-UMich readers should go directly to the key committee web sites:
  - Senate Armed Services
  - Senate Foreign Relations
  - Senate Intelligence
  - House Armed Services
  - House Intelligence
  - House International Relations
Defense Intelligence Agency Report (CNN)
- Excerpts of one-page unclassified summary of classified DIA report issued September 2002
- Report finds no specific locations for chemical or biological weapons in Iraq but says Iraq could have biological material ready to weaponize
- Released on June 6, 2003
International Institute of Strategic Studies
- British think tank
- Report issued on September 9 reviewing Iraq's WMD program since the UN inspectors left in 1998
- Concludes that Iraq could make nuclear weapons if had foreign assistance
- Report not on web site and must be purchased
- However, web site links to considerable newspaper coverage
Iraq and Arms Control (SIPRI)
- Assessment of weapons inspections and WMD in Iraq is a summary of articles from the SIPRI Yearbook on Iraq for the past ten years
Iraqgate: Saddam Hussein, U.S. Policy and the Prelude to the Persian Gulf War, 1980-1994 (UMich Only)
- About 1900 declassified government documents on the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro scandal, the secret arming of Saddam Hussein's army, and Iraqi economics
- Full text searchable by subject, date, and type of material
Iraqi Special Weapons Guide (Global Security)
- Extensive descriptions of Iraq's chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons programs
- List of suspected chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons sites in Iraq, including geographic coordinates
- Iraqi intelligence and deception activities
- Links to United Nations resolutions and weapons inspection reports
Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction (CIA)
- Concludes that Iraq had reconstituted chemical and biological weapons facilities
- Iraq is one to five years away from having nuclear capability
- Lists previous UN Security Council Resolutions and Iraq's actions
- Lists chemical agents and previous use on Iranians and Kurds
- Maps of chemical, biological, nuclear and ballistic facilities
Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessment by the British Government
- Fifty-five page report (pdf) presented by Prime Minister Tony Blair on September 24, 2002
- Claims Iraq can launch WPM within 45 minutes of Saddam Hussein's order
- David Kelly Suicide (BBC)
  - Claimed to Parliament on July 15, 2003 that British report on Iraq's WMD had been "sexed up"
  - Committed suicide on July 17, 2003
  - Article includes his testimony to the House of Commons Select Committee on Foreign Affairs, links to the committee's previous report on the investigation, a family statement, and a biography of Kelly
- The Hutton Report of the Inquiry into the Circumstances Surrounding the Death of Dr. David Kelly
  - Results of investigation by Lord Hutton
  - Concludes David Kelly was solely responsible for his own suicide
  - Text of correspondence, transcripts of telephone messages, and discussion of BBC role
Niger Uranium
- State of the Union Message
  - President Bush's message to Congress on January 28, 2003
  - Use "find" key and the keyword "uranium" to find the passage on Hussein's attempt to buy uranium from Africa
- CIA Mea Culpa
  - Press release by George Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence, on July 11, 2003
  - Takes blame for approving statement of Iraq's uranium purchase bid appearing in the State of the Union message
- Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessment by the British Government
  - Fifty-five page report (pdf)
  - Source for claim that Iraq was trying to purchase uranium from Niger
- Fake Iraq Documents 'Embarrassing' to U.S. (CNN)
  - News story published on March 14, 2003
  - Outlines reasons by the International Atomic Energy Agency determined the Iraqi documents showing a purchase agreement of uranium from Niger were forged
- CIA Leak Investigation
  - Fmr. Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson IV
    - Investigated Niger uranium claim in 2002 for the State Department and believed it unlikely
    - His Op-Ed article appeared in the New York Times, Sunday, July 6, 2003, Section 4, p. 9, Column 1
      - Title: What I Didn't Find in Africa
      - University of Michigan users should access Academic Universe
      - Search for New York Times under Sources; then limit author to Wilson and date to 7/6/03
  - Office of the Special Counsel
    - Special Counsel Patrick Fitzgerald investigated who leaked the name of Valerie Plame, Joseph Wilson's wife, as a CIA operative to the press
    - Indicted Scooter Libby, Vice President Cheney's Chief of Staff, for obstruction of justice on October 28, 2005
    - Web site has indictment, legal proceedings, and trial exhibits
  - CNN Special Report on CIA Leak
  - Robert Novak Editorial appeared in the Chicago Sun-Times on July 14, 2003, p. 31 and is available in LEXIS-NEXIS Academic (UMich Only) under Guided News Search/General News/Major Papers with Novak as author and Plame in full text
- Libby Statement to Grand Jury
  - Statement released on April 5, 2006 suggests President Bush directly authorized release of previously-secret national security estimates
National Intelligence Estimate Excerpts
- Eight pages of the 90-page document were released by the White House on July 18, 2003
- Text via the Federation of American Scientists
- Articles concerning the documents
  - White House
- CNN
President Bush's Case for Iraqi Invasion
- President's Speech before the United Nations
  - Speech outlining case and asking for UN support
  - Dated September 12, 2002
- Decade of Deception and Defiance
  - Report to the United Nations outlining the threat posed by Saddam Hussein
  - Includes weapons of mass destruction, support of international terrorism, repression of Iraqi people, refusal to obey UN sanctions
  - Available in HTML and pdf
  - Another Copy
- President Bush's Address to the Nation
  - Address made in Cincinnati on October 7, 2002
  - Outlines reasons for pursuing Iraq's weapons of mass destruction and the war powers resolution before Congress
  - Another copy
- National Security Strategy Document - 2002
  - Chapters on championing human dignity, defeating terrorism, preventing threats from weapons of mass destruction, encouraging free markets and open societies, and transforming national security institutions
  - Greatest danger is the intersection of radicalism with technology
  - Calls for pre-emptive strikes
  - Dated September 17 and released September 20, 2002
  - Another copy
- National Security Strategy 2006
- Senate Foreign Relations Hearing
  - Hearings to Examine Threats, Responses, and Regional Considerations Surrounding Iraq a post-Saddam Iraq
  - Text version (downloaded from GPO web site) includes prepared statements and full text of testimony
  - PDF Version (4.2 MB)

Iraqi Human Rights

Amnesty International Reports on Iraq
- Reports on human rights abuses in Iraq from 1998 to the present
Iraq: Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2001 (State Dept)
- Annual report on human rights violations with examples and statistics
- Includes state murder, exile, women's rights, freedom of religion
Iraq Ministry of Foreign Affairs No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
- Saddam's statements on United Nations sanctions and U.S. aggression
- Outlines United States war crimes
- Discussion of human rights situation in Iraq
- Archived web page from July 18, 2002
Saddam Hussein: Crimes and Human Rights Abuses (British Foreign Office)
- Twelve-page pamphlet outlining alleged abuses of women, prisoners, Kurds, Shia Community, Kuwait, and citizens
- Released on December 2, 2002

North Korea Threat

State Department Announcement
- Announcement by State Department Representative Richard Boucher of October 16, 2002
- North Korea admitted it had violate 1994 nuclear ban
Agreed Framework (FAS)
- Text of Geneva agreement between the U.S. and North Korea limiting nuclear development
- Dated October 21, 1994
Academic Universe (UMich)
- Best source for current assessments of the comparative threat of Iraq and North Korea
- Use Advanced News Search
- Access General News or News Transcripts
- iraq w/s north korea w/s threat and date after 10-16-2002
Foreign Missile Developments and the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States through 2015 (CIA)
- CIA report from 1999 outlining the possible threats from Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Russia and China
International Atomic Energy Agency
- Archived information on IAEA activities in Iraq (no new content since June 29, 2007)
- Links to archived UN documents and think tank web sites
North Korea Special Weapons Guide (FAS)
- Comprehensive guide to North Korean nuclear, chemical and biological weapons
- Explanation and organization of its defense and intelligence capabilities
- Details of the 1994 agreement and contemporary articles
- Updated assessments
Political Information
- Index to political web sites, including parties, research organizations, lobbyists, and government
- Search: iraq and north korea and threat
- Numerous links predating 2002

Suicide Bombers

ProQuest (UMich Only)
- Indexes some 2500 journal articles in all fields since the 1980s and provides the full text of many since the late 1990s
- Best source for information on suicide bombers
Rational Fanatics, by Ehud Sprinzak (UMich Only)
- See Foreign Policy, September/October 2000
Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why? (CRS)
- Congressional Research Service report issued in September 1999 analyzing the characteristics of terrorists
- Includes overall psychology and an analysis of previous terrorists
- Widely discussed in mid-May 2002 for predicting the possibility of hijacking planes to hit the Pentagon, etc.
- Another Copy (HTML)
Terrorism and Proliferation: PS498 (Tanter)
- Course notes describe motivation behind suicide terrorism
- Links to articles

Terrorism

Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Known as the Gilmore Commission
- Second annual report in December 2000
- Recommendations include executive and legislative offices of terrorism and coordinating government agency responses
Combating Terrorism: FEMA Continues to Make Progress (GAO)
- FEMA's activities, including terrorism training courses
- States that have a response plan
- Dated March 2001
Defense Intelligence Agency: Moving Toward the 21st Century
- Brief program goals, including sound leadership, freedom from politics
- Written by the DIA in 1996 and made available through the Federation of American Scientists
International Institute for Counter-Terrorism
- List of international terrorist organizations and data base of terrorist attacks since 1990
- Daily news and weekly articles
- Searchable index to both data and articles
National Commission on Terrorism Report (Bremer Commission) (Federation of American Scientists)
- Full text of report in PDF format
On-Line Middle East Net Assessment Reports (CSIS)
- Analytic reports on Middle East strategic issues: arms, economics, energy, demographics
- Studies arranged by region and country
- Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) format
Patterns of Global Terrorism (State Dept)
- Summary of terrorist acts by continent and country for 1995
- Appendix provides a chronology of terrorist acts and a description of the terrorist groups
U.S. Commission on National Security/21
- Known as the Hart-Rudman Commission
  - Phase I report issued in October 1999
  - Recommends a cabinet-level position for protection of the homeland
  - Full text also available in paper copy in the Graduate Library under the title New World Coming (UA 23 .N471 1999)
- Seeking a National Strategy: A Concert for Preserving Security and Freedom (UNT)
  - Phase II report issued in April 2000
- Roadmap for National Security: Imperative for Change (UNT)
  - Phase III report issued in February 2001
  - Changes needed in federal government organization

MILITARY BACKGROUND

Operation Desert Fox

CNN Special
- On-going coverage, including biographies, timelines, description of weapons, background on biological and chemical weapons
Crisis in Iraq (State Department)
- Description of weapons of mass destruction
- Links to human rights reports, travel advisories
Operation Desert Fox (U.S. Defense Dept)
- Brief chronology of Desert Fox, December 1998 - January 1999
- Press releases and Defense Department briefings on the operation
President Clinton's Address of the Nation
- Address announcing missile attack on Iraq
- Given at 6 p.m., December 16, 1998
President's Statement Ending Operation Desert Fox
- Statement made at 6p.m. on December 19
UNSCOM
- Reports of UN inspection team in Iraq
- As of December 16, does not include Richard Butler's December 15th report citing non-cooperation
Washington Post Coverage
- U.S. military equipment and bombing targets
- Description of Richard Butler's December 15th report describing Iraq's non-cooperation
Russian President (December 17, 1998)
Saddam Hussein's Address of the Nation (December 17, 1998)
US Reaction
- Arab-American Groups Condemn Attack; Public Reaction Mixed (CNN)
- House Resolution 612 (full text)
  - Expresses Congressional support for troops in Iraq in 1998
  - Roll Call Vote
- Public Opinion Poll (CNN/USA Today/Gallup, 12/16/98)

Gulf War

Desert Storm
- Superb web site by Scott O'Hara
- Chronology of the war and troop/equipment contributions by country
- Names of casualties, POWs and MIAs by state
- "Missing" documents describing the Gulf War Syndrome
Gulflink
- Official Defense Department site on Gulf War illnesses
- Describes chemical weapons used and has some declassified documents
Maps of the Gulf War (PBS)
- Maps of various troop positions during the war

Iran-Iraq War

Chemical Warfare in the Iraq-Iran War
- Allegations and evidence of chemical agents used in the war
- Fact sheet written by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute in 1984
Iran-Iraq War (Federation of American Scientists)
- Fifteen-page history and analysis of the war
Iraq: A Country Study
- Includes coverage of the Iran-Iraq War
- Searchable and browsable
- Army Area Handbook dated 1988
Iraqgate: Saddam Hussein, U.S. Policy and the Prelude to the Persian Gulf War, 1980-1994 (UMich Only)
- About 1900 declassified government documents on the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro scandal, the secret arming of Saddam Hussein's army, and Iraqi economics
- Full text searchable by subject, date, and type of material
Operation Earnest Will (Federation of American Scientists)
- U.S. efforts to reflag Kuwaiti tankers and run them through the Persian Gulf during the Iran/Iraq War

Military Assessments

Estimated Costs of a Potential War with Iraq (CBO)
- Congressional Budget Office report released on September 30, 2002
- Estimates a monthly cost of $6-$9 billion per month for a war with Iraq
- Provides troop assumptions
First Strike Guidelines: The Case of Iraq (Project on Defense Alternatives)
- Detailed analysis by Charles Wright on the pre-emptive strike guidelines written by Barry Schneider in his 1995 paper Radical Responses to Radical Regimes
- Extensive footnotes and links to related articles
Iraq: Former and Recent Military Confrontations with the United States (CRS)
- Short history of confrontations, primarily over the no-fly zone since the Gulf War
- Military forces in middle eastern countries
- Written in September 2002
Iraqi Special Weapons Guide (Global Security)
- Extensive descriptions of Iraq's chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons programs
- List of suspected chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons sites in Iraq, including geographic coordinates
- Iraqi intelligence and deception activities
- Links to United Nations resolutions and weapons inspection reports
SIPRI Yearbook [Web and Library]
- Lengthy annual summaries of international military affairs, conflicts, and disarments
- Includes statistics and signatories to major treaties
- Paper copy: UA 17 .S12 with current in Doc.Cen.--Doc.Ref.
- See also its Iraq and Arms Control for a special report on weapons inspections and WMD for the past ten years
Strategic Intelligence (Loyola)
- Links to U.S. intelligence and military intelligence web pages as well as selected web pages of foreign countries
- Selected declassified documents and journal articles from Covert Action Quarterly
Target Iraq (Global Security)
- History of U.S. relations with Iraq
- Concise explanations of U.S. military power, order of battle, and military options
- Iraqi military strength
- Previous wars with Iraq
- Extensive links to key U.S. documents and to the anti-war movement
UN Peace-Keeping Operations
- World map identifies current and completed peacekeeping missions since 1948
- Data for each mission includes a description, dates, military strength, and the name of the primary military observer
- Separate sections of the web site include fatalities by type and mission, numbers of peacekeeping forces contributed by country, lessons learned from past missions, and the most current annual report
World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers (ACDA)
- Military expenditures, armed forces, GNP, and population for 172 countries, 1984-
- Arms transfers by supplier and recipient
- Summary of world military forces and arms transfers for various years, 1961 to present
- United States policy on arms control and export
- Issues for 1996-1998 available at the State Department Web Archives

War Powers - Bush/Congress

Congressional Resolution - 2002
- Daschle Hopes to Limit Iraq Resolution (CNN)
  - Senate Majority Tom Daschle wants to limit war powers to eliminating Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction
  - Believes broader resolution sets a precedent for other countries
  - Article also describes Ted Kennedy's views
  - Based on interviews conducted October 6, 2002
- H.J.R. 114 - BILL PASSED BY CONGRESS
  - Bill agreement between Dennis Hastert, Dick Gephardt, and President Bush
- S. J. Res 45
  - Resolution authorizing the President's use of force in Iraq
  - Introduced by Tom Daschle and Trent Lott on September 26, 2002
- S. J. Res. 46
  - Introduced by Carl Levin
- Senate Debate
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 4, 2002, pp. 9933-9938)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 7, 2002, pp. S60006-S60031)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 8, 2002, pp. S60007-S60107)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 9, 2002, pp. S60145-S60217)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 10, 2002, pp. S60233-60272)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 10, 2002, p. 60342)
  - Senate Roll Call Vote on HJR 114
    - Vote conducted on October 11, 2002, 77-23
    - Arranged by Senator, yea or nay, and state
- House Debate
  - House Committee Report 107-721)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 8, 2002. pp. H7189-7301)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 9, 2002, pp. 7309-7735)
  - Congressional Record (Oct. 10, 2002, pp. H7739-H7799)
  - House Roll Call Vote on HJR 114
    - Vote passed House on October 10, 2002, 296 to 133
    - Arranged by yea and nay
Iraq Liberation Act - 1998
- Provides up to $97 Million in funding to support a transition government in Iraq
- H.R. 4655, Public Law 105-338 (signed Oct. 31, 1998)
Laws Covering War Declaration
- Anti- Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (PL 104-132)
- Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978
- War Powers Resolution (Title 50, Chapter 33, United States Code)
- National Emergencies Act (Title 50, Chapter 34, United States Code)
Presidential Balance of Power
- Power Shift to President May Stick
  - Brief history of the balance of power between the Executive and Legislative Branch since President Nixon
  - Christian Science Monitor article of October 3, 2002
- Proquest (UMich Only)
  - Proquest's Research Library indexes articles appearing in Presidential Studies Quarterly since 1994 and provides the full text
  - Journal is primarily focused on presidential-legislative relations

War Preparations - Iraq

Hussein Interview with Dan Rather (CBS)
- Full text and video excerpts of one hour interview aired on February 26, 2003
- Hussein claims Iraq will fight, will not accept exile, will not torch Iraq's infrastructure
- Challenges President Bush to a satellite debate
Iraq Ordered Nerve Gas Antidote (CNN)
- Report that Iraq has attempted to buy massive doses of atropine and obidoxime chloride from Turkey
- Story dated November 13, 2002
Saddam's Deadly Subway Scheming
- 60 Minutes interview with Hussein Shahristani aired on February 23, 2003
- Saddam has subway tunnels under Baghdad
- Can be used for a chemical warfare ring around the city or for Saddam's escape in case of a nuclear attack

War Preparations - United States

Downing Street Memo (London Times)
- Secret British memo dated July 23, 2002
- Assumes President Bush had already decided to go to war with Iraq
- Printed in the Sunday Times of London on May 1, 2005
- See the Downing Street Memo web site for elated documents
War Plan for Iraq is Ready, Officials Say (Washington Post)
- War plan includes severe bombing on outskirts followed by quick invasion and psychological warfare
- Aim is to foster internal rebellion against Hussein
- Article by Thomas Ricks appears on p. 1 of Washington Post, November 10, 2002

CONTAINMENT STRATEGIES

Comprehensive U.S. Policy

National Security Strategy Document
- Chapters on championing human dignity, defeating terrorism, preventing threats from weapons of mass destruction, encouraging free markets and open societies, and transforming national security institutions
- Greatest danger is the intersection of radicalism with technology
- Calls for pre-emptive strikes
- Dated September 17 and released September 20, 2002
- Another Copy
National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Bush policy includes interdiction, aggressive pursuit of an international nonproliferation policy, and dealing with the consequences of an attack
- Pamphlet released in pdf format on December 11, 2002
- The classified version of this report is known as National Security Presidential Directive 17 (NSPD 17) and Homeland Security Presidential Directive 4, signed May 2002
- The complete report is described in an article by Mike Allen and Barton Gellman in the Washington Post on Dec. 11, 2002, p. A1

Economic Sanctions

United Nations Security Council Instructions
- S/Res.687 (1991)
  - Establishes use of economic sanctions against Iraq
- Goods Review List
  - Prohibited goods for import into Iraq
  - Revised May 2002
Iraq Mission to UNESCO
- Effects of sanctions on Iraq's health and education
- Pictures and statistics
Iraq Sanctions: Humanitarian Implications and Options for the Future (Global Policy)
- Paper written by several NGOs and Christian organizations on the effect of economic sanctions
- Describes the origin of the sanctions in the Iraq-Iran and Gulf Wars
- Oil-for-food and smart sanctions policies
- Concludes that sanctions hurt individual civilians
Oil-for-Food Programme (UN)
Sanctions (American Friends Service Committee)
- Series of articles describing the health effects of various sanctions

Iraqi Weapons Inspection - 2002

United Nations Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC)
- Body replaced UNSCOM in 1999 and is involved with 2002 inspection negotiations
- Web site includes quarterly reports and historic documents
- Iraqi Weapons Inspection: Report to the Security Council
  - Report by chief weapons inspector Hans Blix on January 27, 2003
  - Iraq has provided access but not necessarily cooperated
- Iraqi Weapons Inspection: Report to the Security Council
  - Report by Hans Blix on February 14, 2003
  - UNMOVIC has not found weapons of mass destruction but they can't be ruled out
  - No signs that Iraq had advance knowledge of inspection sites
- Iraqi Weapons Inspection - Report to the Security Council
  - Report by Hans Blix on March 7, 2003
  - Iraq is cooperating a little but not providing the expected documentation
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM)
- Mandate and membership
- General Assembly and Security Council resolutions relating to UNSCOM
- Various reports on weapons inspection
- Latest semi-annual report
- Replaced by UNMOVIC
International Atomic Energy Agency
- Responsible for the nuclear component in the Iraqi weapons inspections
- Results of the October meeting in Vienna for renewed inspections
- Previous inspection activities
- Report to the Security Council by Mohammed ElBaradei
  - Report dated March 7, 2003
  - No evidence of aluminum tubes for nuclear weapons
  - Iraq's industrial capacity weakened
Iraq's Response
- Hussein Interview with Dan Rather (CBS)
  - Full text and video excerpts of one hour interview aired on February 26, 2003
  - Hussein claims Iraq will fight, will not accept exile, will not torch Iraq's infrastructure
  - Challenges President Bush to a satellite debate
- Hussein Interview with Tony Benn (CNN)
  - Transcript of Saddam Hussein's interview with peace activist and former parliamentary member Tony Benn
  - Denies links to Al Qaeda or weapons of mass destruction
  - Aired on British television, February 4, 2003
- Iraq Info No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
  - Letters written by Saddam Hussein on the Palestinian crisis, weapons inspections, and potential war
  - English and Arabic
  - Archived web page from June 2002
- Mission to the United Nations No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
  - Speeches and press releases by Saddam Hussein and UN Ambassador
  - Letters regarding weapons inspections
  - Statistics on the effect of sanctions
  - Web site requires a high level browser
- Saddam Defiant on Missiles (CBS)
  - Description of Dan Rather's interview with Saddam Hussein
  - Refuses to destroy al-Samoud missiles and challenges President Bush to a debate
  - Full interviewed aired on February 26, 2003
- Saddam's Letter to the General Assembly No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
  - Naji Sabri read letter of Saddam Hussein to UN General Assembly on September 19, 2002
  - States that there are no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and President Bush simply wants Iraqi oil
  - Full text not available from UN web site free but issued as UN Document A/57/PV. 16
- Ten Concessions
  - Ten concessions made by UNMOVIC and Iraq about the inspection process
  - Includes admissions of Iraqi cooperation and Iraqi promises of further cooperation, including national legislation and encouraging scientists to meet with inspectors
  - Made on January 20, 2003
Iraq Weapons Declaration
- Iraq Weapons Declaration (CNN)
  - Table of contents for the 12,000 page report translated into English
  - Report submitted to UNMOVIC on December 7
- Hans Blix' Notes
  - Notes for Security Council briefing on December 19, 2002 by UN Chief Weapons Inspector Hans Blix
Bush Administration's Case for Iraqi Invasion
- President's Speech before the United Nations
  - Speech outlining case and asking for UN support
  - Dated September 12, 2002
- President's Press Conference on Iraq (March 7, 2003)
  - Outlined current intelligence that Saddam is not complying with disarmament resolution
  - Will call for UN resolution on Iraq even if resolution fails
- Appartus of Lies (White House)
  - Saddam's use of tragedy, suffering, Islam, and historical revisionism to promote deception per the White House
- Decade of Deception and Defiance
  - Report to the United Nations outlining the threat posed by Saddam Hussein
  - Includes weapons of mass destruction, support of international terrorism, repression of Iraqi people, refusal to obey UN sanctions
  - Available in HTML and pdf
  - Another Copy
- Secretary of State Powell
  - Secretary Powell's Presentation to the UN Security Council
    - Presentation made on February 5, 2003
    - State Department Version
      - Includes all slides and videos as well as transcripts
    - White House Version of Transcript
    - Running Transcript (CNN)
    - Key points (CNN)
  - Iraq: Still Failing to Disarm
    - Speech made to the Center for Strategic and International Studies on March 5, 2003
- State Department Press Releases
  - Press releases by Colin Powell beginning in 2002 on Iraq situation
  - Includes comments made at World Economic Forum and statement after the Hans Blix report
- State of the Union Address - 2003
  - Speech delivered by President Bush to Congress and the nation on January 28, 2003
  - Outlines the weapons Iraq has not destroyed and their possible impact on terrorism
  - Proposed tax cuts, Medicare reform, AIDS assistance, energy reduction programs, mentoring for children of prisoners
- What Does Disarmament Look Like? (pdf)
  - White House release of January 2003
  - Cites examples of successful disarmament programs and clues of Iraqi non-cooperation
- Why We Know Iraq is Lying
  - New York Times Op Ed piece by Condoleeza Rice, published on January 23, 2003
Security Council Resolution (S/RES/1441)
- Inspection Resolution
  - Resolution negotiated by United States to inspect Iraq
  - Calls for immediate, unimpeded, unconditional, and unrestricted access
  - RECALLS, in that context, that the council has repeatedly warned Iraq that it will face serious consequences as a result of its continued violations of its obligations
  - Passed unanimously by the Security Council on November 8, 2002
  - UN Version of S. 1441
Second Resolution Authorizing War
- U.S./U.K./Spanish Resolution
  - Claims Saddam has failed to meet obligations
  - Considered go-ahead for immediate war
  - Circulated on Feb. 24, 2003
- British Resolution Extending Time to March 17
  - Gives Iraq until March 17, 2003 for full compliance
  - Must yield completely to UNMOVIC and IAEA
- Six Tests (UK)
  - Draft amendment to UN resolution submitted by Tony Blair and Jack Straw on March 12, 2003
  - Proposes six disarmament tests that Iraq must meet to avoid war
- Jacques Chirac (French President)
  - Chirac Makes His Case on Iraq
    - Christiane Amanpour's interview with French President on reasons for opposing resolution authorizing force
    - Aired on 60 Minutes on March 16, 2003
  - Paris: We May Help in Chemical War (CNN)
    - Article posted by CNN on March 18, 2003
    - According to French ambassador, Saddam's use of chemical or biological weapons would change French position on war
- French/German/Russian Memo
  - Calls for war as last resort
  - Circulated on Feb. 24, 2003
- Azores Summit Press Conference
  - Summit between Spain, Britain, and U.S. held on March 16, 2003
  - Transcript of President Bush's statements on Iraq and calling March 17 the world's "Moment of Truth"
  - Statements by President Aznar on the Atlantic alliance and Prime Minister Blair on Iraq
  - Questions and answers
  - Clear indication that war with Iraq likely the week of March 17
Woodward's Plan of Attack
- Sixty Minutes Interview (CBS)
  - Extensive experts and videos of CBS interview with Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward on April 18, 2004
  - His book, Plan of Attack, says the Bush Administration began planning for the Iraq War shortly after 9/11/2001
  - Cheney's idea, Bush's Christian mission, Colin Powell not told, deal with Saudi Arabia to reduce gas prices in Fall 2004
- Rumsfeld Interview with Woodward
  - Redacted transcript of Secy. of Defense Rumsfeld's interview with Bob Woodward on October 23, 2003
  - Released on April 19, 2004 to modify claims in Woodward book
  - Another copy

Iraqi Weapons Inspection - 1998

News Coverage
- BBC News
  - British analysis of military options
  - Issue dated February 13, 1998
- One World
  - News articles opposed to U.S. action against Iraq
- PBS Online NewsHour
  - Interview with UN Ambassador Bill Richardson on November 12, 1997
- Washington Post International Special Report
  - Review of U.S. military strength and Iraqi germ missile sites
Iraq
- Ba'th Arab Socialist Party
  - Speech by Saddam Hussein on Arab Unity in September 1997
- Iraq's Army Organization (CNN)
  - Description of army organization, forces, and equipment
  - U.S. and British military assets in the region
  - Data from Jane's World Armies
- Mission to the United Nations No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
  - Speeches and press releases by Saddam Hussein and UN Ambassador
  - Letters regarding weapons inspections
  - Statistics on the effect of sanctions
  - Web site requires a high level browser
United Nations
- Diplomatic Agreement
  - Memorandum of Understanding
    - Memorandum of understanding between the United Nations and Iraq on weapons inspection dated February 23, 1998
  - Press Conference (Annan/Aziz)
    - Unofficial transcript of press conference with UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and Iraq Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz on Memorandum of Understanding
    - Press conference on February 23, 1998
- Secretary General
  - Secretary General's Mission to Iraq
    - Includes items in this section and additional news
  - Security Council Resolution 1154
    - Resolution affirms Secretary General's Memorandum of Understanding
    - Promises severest consequences if Saddam Hussein does not comply with inspection agreement
    - Passed on March 2, 1998
  - UN News Story
    - Press release dated February 22, 1998 about diplomatic agreement between Kofi Annan and Saddam Hussein on weapons inspection
- Security Council
  - Security Council
    - Security Council resolutions since 1974 with searchable interface since 1994
  - Security Council Resolution 1134
    - Resolution insisting Iraq allow its Special Commission to investigate nuclear sites
    - Resolution dated October 23, 1997
  - Security Council Resolution 1137
    - Condemns Iraq's continuing refusal to allow U.S. weapons inspectors
    - Dated November 12, 1997
- United Nations Web Site
  - For additional coverage
  - Search as iraq weapons inspection and specify the field as all words
- United Nations Special Commission
  - Mandate and membership
  - General Assembly and Security Council resolutions relating to UNSCOM
  - Various reports on weapons inspection
  - Latest semi-annual report
United States
- Congressional Research Service
  - April 1998 report on current Iraqi chemical and biological weapons capability
  - Includes intelligence reports and discrepancies of information
- State Department Press Briefing
  - Press briefing by James Rubin on October 29 about the seriousness of the situation
- United States Military Plans - February 1998
  - CNN Coverage of Town Meeting
    - Officials explain Iraq policy at Ohio State University on February 18
    - Audio coverage of questions and answers
    - News story and reaction
  - Congressional Bills
    - H.R. 3208 (Paul) against using Defense Department appropriations for attack
    - H.Con.Res. 226 (Bartlett) prohibits attack unless authorized by law
    - S.Con.Res. 71 (Lott) condemns Iraq for threatening peace
    - H.Res. 322 (Lantos) expresses sense of Congress that U.S. should act
    - S.Con.Res. 76 (Murkowski) enforces embargo
    - S. Res. 179 (Specter) condemns Saddam Hussein as a war criminal
    - Iraq Liberation Act
      - Provides up to $97 Million in funding to support a transition government in Iraq
      - H.R. 4655, Public Law 105-338 (signed Oct. 31, 1998)
    - Search THOMAS for the text, summary, and status of these bills as well as links to speeches in the Congressional Record
  - Washington Post/ABC Poll
    - Poll taken February 17-18, 1998
    - Public support for military options given various conditions
- United States Military Plans - November 1998
  - Letter from Tariq Aziz
    - Letter dated November 14 offering compliance
    - Includes two-page addendum with additional recommendations
  - Letter from Nizar Hamdoon
    - Letter from Iraqi ambassador to UN dated November 14, 1998
    - Reaffirms full compliance with weapons inspection
  - President Clinton's Address to Nation
    - November 15th address suspending planned military action against Iraq
    - Call for new government

International Treaties

Arms Control Treaties and Agreements (ACDA/State Dept.) [http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/bureau_ac/treaties_ac.html]
- Full text of 40 historic arms control agreements
- Biological, environmental, nuclear, and space
International Laws and Treaties (House of Representatives/Pritchard) [Web]
- Links to major historical and current international treaties, including those on the UN and League of nations, trade, human rights, the environment and peace treaties following major wars
Major International Instruments on Disarmament (UNCD) [http://www.unog.ch/frames/disarm/distreat/warfare.htm]
- Full text of international treaties on conventionalm, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons since 1925
Multilateral Treaties (Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy) [Web]
- Historical and current international conventions on arms control, environment, human rights and trade
- Approach by topic or date with keyword index
United Nations Treaty Data Base (UMich Only)
- Subject approach to international treaties deposited with the United Nations and League of Nations
- Searchable by subject, parties, type of agreement, date signed
- Text viewable page by page
- Alternatiff plug-in permits one to view the entire treaty at the same time
- The full texts of the treaties are also located in the printed United Nations Treaty Series (JX 170 .U54 with current in the Documents Center)

No-Fly Zone

Defense Link
- Search Defense Department web site for current press releases on encounters in Iraq's no-fly zone
Iraq: Former and Recent Military Confrontations with the United States (CRS)
- Short history of confrontations, primarily over the no-fly zone since the Gulf War
- Military forces in middle eastern countries
- Written in September 2002
Security Council Resolution 688
- Per Congressional Research Service Report (above), the United States interprets this resolution as authorizing a no-fly zone

Oil-for-Food Program

Annan Names Independent Panel to Probe Oil-for-Food Allegations
- Kofi Annan names Paul Volcker to head panel investigating possible kickbacks by countries involved in the program
- Dated April 21, 2004
Independent Inquiry Committee: Oil for Food
- Interim reports on alleged United Nations program exchanging food for Iraqi oil
- Paul Volcker chaired the committee
Manipulation of the Oil-for-Food Programme by the Iraqi Regime
- Final report by the Volcker Commission released on October 27, 2005
- Claims that 2200 individuals and corporations as well as several countries were involved in kickbacks
- Blames poor management at the UN
- PDF Version (16 MB) and Backup Copy
Oil-for-Food Programme (UN)
- Description of humanitarian relief provided to Iraq in return for oil sales
- Achievements of the program: agriculture, nutrition, housing, sanitation
- Some financial program
- April 14, 1995 to November 21, 2003, when it was handed over to the Coalition Provisional Authority
Security Council Resolution 986 (1995)
- Establishes oil for food program

WAR

War Declarations

President's Address to the Nation (March 17, 2003)
- Gives Saddam Hussein and sons 48 hours to leave Iraq before military action begins
- Cites previous UN resolutions
- Another Copy
- Saddam Rejects Bush Ultimatum (BBC)
  - Description of rejection
  - Full text hard to obtain because probably covered by copyright
President's Letter to Congress
- Letter declares that diplomacy has failed
- Essentially a notification of imminent war
- Written by President Bush to President Pro-Tem of the Senate and Speaker of the House on March 18, 2003
President's Announcement of Hostilities
- Speech given to the nation on March 19, at 10:16 p.m. EST
- War began early due to report of "target of opportunity"
President's Announcement on End of Combat
- Speech made by President Bush abroad the Abraham Lincoln on May 1, 2003

Military Operations

Australian Ministry of Defense
- Numbers of troops deployed in Operation Falconer
British Ministry of Defense
- Extensive news coverage and photographs of Operation Telic
Felony Waivers by Type of Offense
- Felony waivers given for army, navy, airforce and marine recruitment in FY 2006 and 2007 by type of felony (e.g. burglary)
- Another copy
United States Central Command
- Transcripts of daily press briefings on the war
- Reports of special investigations
- Links to military magazines and various news sources
Iraq
- Web Sites Down
  - Official Iraqi government web sites beginning with http://www.uruklink.net/ are down as of March 26, 2003
  - The Iraqi Mission to the United Nations is also unavailable as of March 26, 2003
  - Alternative news sources with a Middle East perspective
    - Abu Dhabi
    - Al-Jazeera (English Version)
      - Television network to the Arab world from Qatar
    - Arabic News
    - Debka File (Israel)
    - Iraq Daily
- Saddam Urges Jihad
  - Text of statement urging Iraqis to fight the Americans and commit suicide if necessary
  - Message allegedly written by Saddam and delivered by the Information Minister on April 1, 2003
News Coverage
- America at War (CBS)
  - Current news and war photos
- Conflict in Iraq (Washington Post)
  - Current news coverage and pictures
  - Analysis of strategies
- Target: Iraq (MSNBC)
  - Current news coverage
  - Military assessments
- War in Iraq (BBC)
  - War and interviews from British reports
  - More emphasis on effect of war in Iraq and Middle East
- War on Iraq (CNN)
  - Instant and archived news bulletins on the war
  - Assessments of Iraqi and coaltion military force
  - Maps and special reports
- Sky News
  - U.K. coverage of war featuring reporters in the field

Casualties

COALITION
- Non-US Troop Presence and Casualties in Iraq (UMich)
  - Graphic showing number of troops and percentage casualties of coalition partners as of November 30, 2005
  - Includes separate list of countries which are no longer providing troops
  - By Jana von Stein, Political Science Department, University of Michigan
- U.S. and Coalition Casualties (CNN)
  - Picture, name, age, unit, hometown, and circumstances of death
UNITED STATES
- U.S. Casualties in Iraq
  - Numbers and graphs of wounded and dead in Iraq
  - Monthly totals give names and circumstances
- Defenselink Casualty List
  - Table provides up-to-date numbers of wounded and killed soldiers in Afghanistan and Iraq, separated by combat and non-combat
- Iraqi Freedom Casualties (Defense Link)
  - Detailed demographics on casualties and names of individuals
IRAQ
- Iraqi Civilian Casualties
Photographs
- Somber Task of Honoring the Fallen (Seattle Times)
  - Picture taken by Tami Solicio of flag-drapped coffins of U.S. soldiers returning from Kuwait
  - Article published on April 21, 2004 caused controversy with Defense Department
- Additional pictures reported on The Memory Hole
Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction and Security in post-Saddam Iraq (Brookings)
- Troop deaths by cause, civilian casualties, Iraqi armed forces, insurgents, car bombs
- Telephone subscribers, length of waiting time at gas station, internet subscribers, life expectancy, water and sewer connections
- Also includes public opinion polls on U.S. occupation issues broken down by religion
- Reports began in November 2003 and were updated weekly until mid-2007

Coalition Members

Coalition
- White House press release of March 27, 2003
- Lists "Coalition of the Willing" members but does not include contributions
Contributions of Coalition Members
- See printed Ann Arbor News, March 29, 2003, p. A4
Iraq Coalition Map (Ruste)
- World map dated 2003 illustrating which coalition countries were providing troops and which were providing political support
Non-US Troop Presence and Casualties in Iraq (UMich)
- Graphic showing number of troops and percentage casualties of coalition partners as of November 30, 2005
- Includes separate list of countries which are no longer providing troops
- By Jana von Stein, Political Science Department, University of Michigan
Post-War Iraq: Foreign Contributions to Training, Peacekeeping and Reconstruction
- Issued by the Congressional Research Service in June 2005
- Provides details of foreign troops and financial contributions
Iraq Weekly Status Report
- Newsletter by the State Department on actions taken to achieve eight goals in Iraq
- Includes members of the Coalition Forces

Embedding Journalists

Public Affairs Guidance on Embedding Media
- Defense Department rationale and rules for embedding media during the war with Iraq
- Issued February 2003

Homeland Security

Declaration of Orange Alert (DHS)
- Declaration by Tom Ridge on March 17, 2003 following President Bush's address to the nation
Department of Homeland Security
- Specific information for citizens, government, employees, and citizens
- Links to Ready.gov for detailed information to help citizens prepare for terrorism

Humanitarian Assistance

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
- Plans of national Red Crescent societies in the Middle East to assist Iraqis
- On-going news
ReliefWeb: Iraq
- Daily news on relief efforts from all agencies within the United Nations dealing with humanitarian aid

Iraqi Leadership

Altered Pictures of Saddam (CNN)
- Five photos released by the military on August 1, 2003 on possible Saddam disguises
Daughter: Saddam 'had a big heart' (CNN)
- Report of interview with Raghdad Hussein on August 1, 2003
Deck of Cards
- Playing cards given to U.S. soldiers with 55 Iraqi leaders on its capture list
- Saddam is the ace of spades; his sons are the ace of hearts and clubs
Ex-Bodyguard for Uday Tells of Near Misses, Defiance, Defeat
- Article by Matthew McAllester appearing in Newsday, July 25, 2003, p. A07
- Describes Saddam's location during U.S. bombing attempts, appearance at mosque on April 11, Uday's need to be accepted by father
- Obtaining full text
  - Printed Newsday, July 25, 2003, p. A07
  - Printed Ann Arbor News, July 25, 2003, p. A5
  - Purchase from Newsday
  - Lexis-Nexis Academic (UMich Only) using Guided News Search/General News/Major Papers with McAllester as author and date as 7/25/03
    - Newsday article available until January 2004
    - Summaries from other newspapers may be available longer
  - CNN's Interview with McAllester provides an extensive summary
Hussein Brothers
- Lt. Gen. Sanchez Briefing on the Confirmation of the Deaths of Uday and Qusay Hussein
  - Briefing held before the international press on July 23, 2003
  - Provides details of the July 22 raid and answers questions about the purpose
  - Includes a slide show
- Pentagon: Saddam's Sons Are Dead (CNN)
  - Extensive article on death of Uday and Qusay Hussein's death due to a firefight in Mosul on July 22, 2003
  - Pop-up profiles of Saddam, Uday and Qusay
  - Pictures of firefight
Video Shows Haggard Saddam Promising Victory
- Associated Press report that Saddam promised victory in a video tape on April 9
- Video aired on Abu Dhabi Television on April 18
- Article dated May 3, 2003

Oil

Iraq: Baghdad Moves to Euro (RFE/RL)
- Radio Free Europe article by Charles Recknagel, dated November 1, 2000
- Saddam moved from using the U.S. dollar to the Euro for trading oil on November 6, 2000
- Expected to cost Iraq money
Iraq Nets Handsome Profit by Dumping Dollar for Euro
- Article in the Guardian, appearing February 16, 2003
- Value of Euro v. U.S. dollar has risen, netting Iraq additional funds
Monthly Energy Review
- Data on all types of energy supplies, consumption, imports and exports
- Access the Petroleum icon for imports from individual countries
- Data in pdf, xls, and html

Prisoners of War

Geneva Convention on Treatment of Prisoners of War
- Convention signed on August 12, 1949
Jessica Lynch Arrives to Open Arms in West Virginia (ABC)
- Story of ex-POW's homecoming on July 22, 2003
- Lynch became a symbol of the American soldier
- Text of Her Remarks (ABC)
See also Prisoner Abuse

War Crimes

Rules of Warfare (Tufts)
- Full text of numerous international treaties on the rules of warfare and arms control, 1899-1998
See also Prisoners during Occupation

Weblogs

Weblogs, or "blogs," are the best of journalistic reports in a variety of format from individuals, soldiers or professional journalists
The Guardian
- Limited number of blogs from newspaper reporters
Soldier Weblogs
- Best War Blogs (Forbes)
- L.T. Smash
- A Minute Longer: A Soldiers Tale
Where is Raed?/Salam Pax
- Graphic descriptions of the war inside Baghdad in diary form

POLITICAL AFTERMATH OF WAR

Articles

Academic Universe (UMich Only)
- Discussion of a post-Saddam Iraq occurs frequently on Sunday morning talk shows
- Use Advanced News Search/News Transcripts for 2001-2002 to identify projections
Political Information
- Index to political web sites, including political parties, news sources, and lobby groups
- Try an initial search, post-saddam
Day After: Planning for a Post-War Iraq (American Enterprise Institute)
- Unofficial transcript of conference held on October 3, 2002
- Includes description of country and its own ambitions, war crimes, oil, regional participation
Iraq After Saddam (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
- Cites challenges of nation building after a gut of the economy and the variety of cultural factions
- Working paper written in 1998

Iraqi Interest Groups

Assyrian Democratic Movement
- Statement of purpose in English
Ba'th Arab Socialist Party
- Party of Saddam Hussein
Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party
- For separate Assyrian homeland in Iraq
Constitutional Monarchy Movement
- Describes original principles of the constitution, which were aborted by the coups
- Encourages participation of the Kurds
Iraq Foundation
- News stories about Iraqi opposition groups
- Various reports on human rights abuses
- UN resolutions regarding Iraq
- Links to related web sites on Iraq
Kurdistan Communist Party
- Wants to put Saddam Hussein on trial
Kurdistan Democratic Party
- Tribute to founder Barzani
- Statement of principles
Party of the New Rise
- Site no longer updated
- Limited information available in English
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
- Press releases on relations with Iraq and Turkey for the past few months
- Extensive links to Kurdish news, cultural organizations, and political parties
Turkmen People's Party
- Statement of purpose in English

Jay Garner

Jay Garner Biographies
- In Charge of Iraq - And Eager Not to Be (Christian Science Monitor, April 17, 2003)
- Iraq's New Chief? (Fortune, March 17, 2003)

John Negroponte

Approved as U.S. ambassador to Iraq beginning July 1, 2004
Biography

Regime Change

Origins of Regime Change in Iraq (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace)
- Issue brief traces history of regime change recommendation from Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle through the Clinton and Netanyahu administrations to President GW Bush
- Numerous links to original letters recommending the strategy and political analyses by newspapers and the CEIP

United States Recommendations

President Bush Discusses Freedom in Iraq and the Middle East
- Speech delivered on the 20th anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy, November 2, 2003
- Received media attention of belief that Muslim world and democracy are compatible
- Vision of a democratic middle east
Future of Iraq
- Address given by President Bush to the American Enterprise Institute on February 26, 2003
Press Briefing by Ari Fleischer
- Presidential press briefing on October 1, 2002
- Suggests the possibility of Iraqis assassinating Saddam Hussein
Iraq Liberation Act - 1998
- Provides up to $97 Million in funding to support a transition government in Iraq
- H.R. 4655, Public Law 105-338 (signed Oct. 31, 1998)
Senate Foreign Relations Hearing
- Hearings to Examine Threats, Responses, and Regional Considerations Surrounding Iraq a post-Saddam Iraq
- Text version (downloaded from GPO web site) includes prepared statements and full text of testimony
- PDF Version (4.2 MB)

UNITED STATES OCCUPATION

Articles

Baghdad Bulletin
- Biweekly magazine in English created by University of Michigan graduate
- Articles on the culture, health, politics, utilities, and services in post-War Iraq
- Last issue on the web
CIA Report: Iraqis Losing Faith in U.S. (MSNBC)
- According to highly secretive CIA report, resistance to U.S. is growing in Iraq due to increased guerrilla attacks on the U.S. and U.S. retribution
- Associated Press report dated November 12, 2003
Iraq After Saddam (CBS)
- Latest news articles
- Interactive feature on humanitarian crisis, economic plans, and governance
New Iraq (CNN)
- News and features on the transition of power, daily life in Iraq, and the economic costs of rebuilding
- Archived in July 2007
- Biographies of Iraqi and U.S. key players
- Alphabetic List of Casualties includes those killed after May 1, 2003
Post-War Iraq (Washington Post)
- On-going news articles
- Explanation of governing structure

Blackwater Security

Hearing on Private Security Contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan
- House Oversight and Government Reform web site on October 2, 2007 on Blackwater Security firm
- Web site includes a video of the hearing, testimony of Erik Prince (CEO) and two State Department officials
- Graphs and copies of letters, sanctions, etc.
Private Security Firms Standards: Cooperation and Coordination on the Battlefield
- Hearing before the House Government Reform Committee, June 13, 2006
- Y4 .G74/7:Se 2/35

Civil War

National Intelligence Estimate: February 2007
- Public portion of a classified document released on February 2, 2007
- Sees the Sunni-Shia crisis only worsening in the next 18 months; includes Shia-Shia violence, al-Quaida, and crime
- Future outcomes include a partition of Iraq, a Shia strong man, or anarachy
- Rapid withdrawal of U.S. troops to worsen situation since Iraqis will be unable to handle it for next 18 months
- Another copy

Costs

Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (CBO)
- Congressional Budget Office projects a total budget deficit of $480 billion in FY 2004 before budget situation improves
- Does not include the costs of rebuilding Iraq
- Released August 2003
Congressional Hearings
- Senate Armed Services
  - Initial hearing on President's $87 billion budget request held on September 25, 2003
  - Prepared statements of Paul Bremer and Gen. John Abizaid
  - Use Congressional Universe (UMich Only) for additional material
- House Armed Services Committee
  - Initial hearing on President's $87 billion budget request held on September 25, 2003
  - Prepared statements of Paul Bremer, Gen. John Abizaid, and Paul Wolfowitz
  - Use Congressional Universe (UMich Only) for additional material
Cost of War in Iraq
- Running cost of the Iraq war in the United States as a whole
- May be broken down by per person or per household
- Compares war costs with the cost of hiring teachers, granting college scholarships, public housing, children's health, and public education
Economic Costs of the Iraq War (Columbia University)
- Article by Linda Bilmes of Harvard and Joseph Stiglitz of Columbia
- Three-year assessment of war costs, including military costs, the economic costs of personnel injury, and oil prices
Estimated Costs of a Potential War with Iraq (CBO)
- Congressional Budget Office report released on September 30, 2002
- Estimates a monthly cost of $6-$9 billion per month for a war with Iraq
- Provides troop assumptions
Rebuilding Iraq (CNN)
- Business news on rebuilding Iraq
- Some information on costs to U.S. government

Iraq Study Group

Iraq Study Group Report
- Bipartisan Baker-Hamilton Commission classifies situation in Iraq as grave
- Recommends removing combat role for U.S. troops in early 2008, training Iraqi forces and dialog with neighboring countries
- Report released on December 6, 2006 at
Iraq Study Group
- Members of the group, advisors, procedure, and timeline

Political Transfer of Power

Coalition Provisional Authority
- Laws, regulations and orders covering Iraq, May 15, 2003-June 28, 2004
- List of Iraq ministries with web links when available
- Commercial solicitations, press releases
- Updates on progress toward restoring order (e.g. police stations open
- Biography of Ambassador Bremer
Political Transfer Agreement
- Fundamental Law (bill of results) to be adopted by Feb. 28, 2004, a Transitional National Assembly elected May 31, 2004, and vote for constitution/new government by Dec. 2005
- Agreement between the Iraqi National Governing Council and U.S. Administrator Paul Bremer on November 15, 2003

Prisoner Abuse

Key Media Articles
- Abuse of Iraqi POWS by GIs Probed (CBS)
  - Article about Dan Rather's interview with General Mark Kimmitt on Sixty Minutes II, April 28, 2004
  - Six soliders to undergo court martial for abusing prisoners in Iraq
- Iraq Abuse Photos Spark Outrage (BBC)
  - BBC news report of the abuse incident with videos from CBS
- New Details of Prison Abuse Emerge (Washington Post)
  - Photos and videos of prisoner abuse in Abu Ghraib
  - Leaked to the newspaper and published on May 21, 2004
  - Prisoner interviews
  - Article may require free registration
- New Yorker Articles by Seymour Hersh
  - Torture at Abu Ghraib (Seymour Hersh)
    - Details about abuse of Iraqi prisoners in Fall 2003
    - Summary of the classified report by General Antonio Taguba
    - Appears in New Yorker, May 10, 2004
  - Chain of Command was a follow-up article by Seymour Hersh in the May 17, 2004 issue
  - The Gray Zone: How A Secret Pentagon Program Came to Abu Ghraib
    - Article dated May 24, 2004
    - Special Access Program for military interrogation a result of failures to kill Al-Qaida leaders in Iraq
    - Charges that program approved by Defense Department's Stephen Cambone; Rumsfeld and Myers signed off; CIA objected
    - Sexual humiliation discussed as technique before the war
    - Statement by DOD Spokesman Lawrence DiRita (May 15, 2004)
  - UMich affiliates should also be able to access the articles using Proquest or Lexis-Nexis Academic
- Prison Visits by General Reported in Hearing (Washington Post)
  - Lawyer for Sgt. Chip Frederick alleges that General Ricardo Sanchez saw the abuse at Abu Ghraib
  - Article dated May 23, 2003
ACLU Torture FOIA
- Full text of unpublicized investigations on torture of U.S. prisoners in Afghanistan, Iraq, Guantanamo Bay, and the United States
- Obtained by the American Civil Liberties Union and released on December 14, 2004
Army Inspector General Detainee Operations Report
- Report lists 94 cases of prisoner abuse
- Released July 2004
CACI
- Civilian contractor for intelligence operations in Iraq
Geoffrey Miller Press Briefing
- Summary of comments by new general in command of Iraq detainee operations
- Assures human rights compliance
Independent Panel to Review DOD Detention Operations
- Determined that night operations at Abu Ghraib were unruly
- Various officers responsible for the environment up the chain of command
- Former Secretary of State James Schlesinger chaired the panel
- Released August 24, 2004
- Another copy
International Committee for the Red Cross Report
- Web site includes statements about its February 2004 report on Iraqi detainee abuse
- Full Text of Report is available from Truth Out, National Defense University, and University of Michigan
Investigation of Intelligence Activities at Abu Ghraib, Executive Summary (Washington Post)
- Known as the Fay Report and released on August 25, 2004
- Finds widespread abuse of prisoners by military intelligence personnel
- Another copy
LEGAL ADVICE
- Bush Administration Memoes on Torture (Washington Post)
  - Compilation of memoes from the Justice Department, Defense Department, Rumsfeld, legal counsels and President Bush on torture interrogation at Guantanamo, January 2002 - April 2003
  - Washington Post dated June 22, 2004
  - Use requires free registration
- Justice Dept. Memo on Torture
  - Justice Dept. Memo Says Torture 'May be Justified' (Washington Post)
    - Article dated June 13, 2004 describing CIA request for justification of more aggressive interrogation techniques
  - Text of Justice Dept. Torture Memo (Washington Post)
    - Memo dated August 1, 2002
    - 2.8 MB
  - John Ashcroft's Testimony on Memo (Washington Post)
    - Testimony of June 8, 2004 before the Senate Judiciary Committee
President Bush's Reaction
- Interview with Alhurra Television (May 5, 2004)
- Interview with Al Arabiya Television (May 5, 2004)
Prisoner Abuse: Patterns from the Past (National Security Archive)
- CIA interrogation training manuals from the 1963 and 1983
- Memo dated 1992 warning then Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney that Spanish language manuals meant for training intelligence officers in Latin America had objectionable material
Regulations Covering Prisoner Interrogation
- Army Field Manual 34-52: Intelligence Interrogation
  - Army regulations regarding the interrogation of prisoners
  - Appendix H covers various interrogation approaches and Appendix J covers the 1949 Geneva convention
- Army Field Manual 27-10: Law of Land Warfare
  - Combat regulations regarding persons
  - Treatment of prisoners
- Army Field Manuals - 34 Series includes related instructions on prisoners of war
- Interrogation Rules of Engagement
  - Available to Senate Armed Services Committee
  - Text not on web as of 5-13-04
- DOD Directive 3115.09 (Washington Post)
  - Defense Department directive requires humane treatment of prisoners by the military and CIA
  - Issued November 8, 2005
  - Backup Copy
Rumsfeld Testimony Before Congress
- Secy. of Defense Donald Rumsfeld testified before the Senate and House Armed Services Committee on May 7, 2004
- Prepared Statements before the Senate and Transcripts of Senate Testimony; Transcripts of House Testimony
- Congressional Universe (UMich Only)
  - Search under Testimony for "armed services" committees and date as May 7, 2004
Taguba Report (MSNBC)
- Text (but not annexes) of theoretically classified report by General Antonio Taguba on the treatment of prisoners in Abu Ghraib and other Iraqi prisons
- Completed in March 2004
- Another Copy (NPR)
- Another Copy (UMich)
- Official Government Version in "cold storage" as of May 11, 2004
- See ACLU Torture FOIA for additional pages
- Prepared Testimony
  - Prepared statements of General Antonio Taguba and Under Secretary of Defense Stephen Cambone before the Senate Armed Services Committee on May 11, 2004 and Transcripts of Q&A Testimony
U.S. Military in Torture Scandal (Guardian)
- Article blames civilian interrogation contractors for abuse and sexual abuse of Iraqi prisoners
See also Prisoners of War

Protest Groups

Occupation Watch
- Numerous English-language news on humanitarian crisis, rebuilding Iraq, oil, military events
- Special focus on contracted reconstruction

Reconstruction

Awarded Reconstruction Contracts (Commerce Dept)
- Brief list of contracts awarded by the U.S. Agency for International Development and Department of Defense
- Links to web sites of awardees but does not provide the dollar amount of the contract
Bush Officials Draft Broad Plan for A Free-Market Economy in Iraq
- Article by Neil King of the Wall Street Journal, May 1, 2003
- Reconstruction depends heavily on U.S. private industry
- Moving The Iraqi Economy From Recovery to Sustainable Growth, which this article cites, is a classified document
Defense Department Contracts
- List of contracts awarded by day
- Press Release on Excluding Contracts from Non-Coalition Countries
  - Released December 10, 2003
Iraq Reconstruction Task Force (Commerce Dept)
- Business guide to Iraq
- Overview of Iraqi commercial law
Rebuilding Iraq (CNN)
- Business news on rebuilding Iraq
- Some information on costs to U.S. government
Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction
- Quarterly reports to Congress since March 2004
- Audits construction efforts and notes problems or inefficiencies
State Department
- Extensive news on reconstruction efforts and humanitarian programs
- Links to business programs
US AID Assistance for Iraq
- Detailed reports on grants and contracts awarded to individual companies for building Iraq
- Fund sources include U.S. and international agencies

Statistics

Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction and Security in post-Saddam Iraq (Brookings)
- Troop deaths by cause, civilian casualties, Iraqi armed forces, insurgents, car bombs
- Telephone subscribers, length of waiting time at gas station, internet subscribers, life expectancy, water and sewer connections
- Also includes public opinion polls on U.S. occupation issues broken down by religion
- Reports began in November 2003 and are updated weekly
Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq
- Defense Department quarterly report to Congress beginning July 2005
- Describes political, economic and security developments in Iraq
- Includes statistics, particularly on the military and Iraqi security forces
- Recommends changes in policy
- November 2006 Report released the day Robert Gates was sworn in as Secretary of Defense

Terrorism

Al-Zarqawi
- Al-Zarqawi's Death Announcement
  - Announcement of U.S. attack and Zarqawi's death by Major General William Caldwell on June 8, 2006
  - Includes slides
- Zarqawi Survived Attack Briefly
  - Briefing by Major General William Caldwell on June 9, 2006
Baghdad Blast Kills Iraqi Leader (BBC)
- News report that Ezzedine Salim, Iraqi Governing Council President, was killed in a suicide bomb blast on May 17, 2004
Declassified Key Judgments of the National Intelligence Estimate, Trends in Global Terrorism, Implications for the United States, April 2006
- Released by President Bush on September 26, 2006 after parts leaked to the press
- Suggests Iraq has become a recruiting ground for terrorists and they have adapted their efforts
- Lists causes for the increased violence
- Jihadists will lose some recruits if fail in Iraq
Fallujah Contractors
- Four contractors from Blackwater Security were killed and hanged in Fallujah on March 31, 2004
- High Pay - High Risk for Contractors in Iraq (CNN)
  - Discusses risks faced by 4000 security contractors in Iraq
- U.S.: "We Will Respond to the Killings (CNN)
Jordanian Embassy
- Bomb blast killed 10 and injured 40 at Jordanian Embassy in Baghdad on August 7
- Ten Killed at Jordanian Embassy (CNN)
Mosque at Najaf (CNN)
- Blast killed at least 75 and the Ayatollah al-Hakim
- Aimed at Shiites after Friday prayer services on August 29, 2003
Nicholas Berg
- A Philadelphian, 26, killed theoretically in retribution for Iraqi prisoner abuse
- Discovered on May 11, 2004
- Video Shows Beheading of American Hostage (CNN)
  - Includes biographical information on Nicholas Berg and suspected terrorist Al-Zarqawi
- U.S.: Beheaded Civilian Was Warned to Leave Iraq (MSNBC, 5/12/04)
United Nations Headquarters
- The UN Headquarters in Iraq at the Canal Hotel was bombed on August 19, 2003
- At least 17 were killed, including UN Special Representative Sergio Vieira de Mello
- Secretary General's Statement
War Casualties (CNN)
- War and post-war casualties listed alphabetically by last name
- Includes date of death and circumstances

Troop Strength

Global Posture Review of the United States
- Senate Armed Services hearing held on September 23, 2004
- Senator Jack Reed read into the record part of the Defense Science Board's estimate of limited manpower in Iraq
- Full report is classified; Senator Reed's statements no available on the internet as of Sept. 25, 2004
- Defense Secretary Rumsfeld's opening remarks included on Senate web site

United Nations Involvement

Bush Address to UN on PostWar Cooperation
- Speech given to the General Assembly on September 23, 2003
- Encourages UN to rebuild the Middle East by ensuring democracy in Iraq, providing humanitarian aid, eliminating weapons of mass destruction, and fostering a separate Palestinian state
Kofi Annan's Address to UN
- Speech given to the UN General Assembly on September 23, 2003
- Criticizes pre-emptive strikes but encourages UN to support the rebuilding of Iraq
Over 340 Tons of High Explosives Missing From Iraq
- UN press release of October 25, 2004
- Report from IAEA head Mohammed ElBaradei that explosives lost over past year through theft and looting

U.S. Government Agencies

Coalition Provisional Authority
- Laws, regulations and orders covering Iraq since May 15, 2003
- List of Iraq ministries with web links when available
- Commercial solicitations, press releases
- Updates on progress toward restoring order (e.g. police stations open
- Biography of Ambassador Bremer
One Hundred Days of Progress in Iraq (White House)
- One hundred signs of improvement of Iraq since major combat operations ended
- Divided into 10 categories, including security, infrastructure, women, cultural issues, children, and democracy
- Published by the White House on August 8, 2003
President's Post-War Strategy (White House)
- Address to the Nation on September 7, 2003
- Strategy to eliminate terrorists in Iraq, reconstruct Iraq with the international community, and move toward self-governance
- Expected cost: $87 billion
President's Thanksgiving Trip to Baghdad (White House)
- Address President Bush gave to troops in Baghdad on November 27, 2003
- Surprise visit on Thanksgiving
State Department
- Extensive news on reconstruction efforts and humanitarian programs
- Links to business programs

Rumfeld Resignation

President's Announcement
- Announcement on November 8, 2006 of Donald Rumsfeld's departure as Secretary of Defense
- Announcement of Robert Gates' appointment
Rumsfeld Memo of Options for Iraq War
- Classified memo written by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld to President Bush on November 6, 2006, two days before his resignation was announced
- Includes reduction of bases, beefing up Iraqi security, suspending reconstruction funds from terrorist hotbeds, creating an employment program for youths
- Printed by New York Times, December 3, 2006 (Section 1, p. 28, Column 1)

Victory Strategy

National Strategy for Victory in Iraq
- Outlines short, medium and long-term benchmarks to be met in Iraq before a U.S. pullout of troops
- Defines political, economic and security issues
- The appendix defines eight objectives and specific actions the United States is taking
- Report released by the National Security Council in November 2005
- Another copy
Surge Strategy
- New Way Forward in Iraq
  - Outline of President Bush's strategy released January 10, 2007
  - Points include: let the Iraqis lead; help Iraqis protect the population; isolate extremists; create space for political progress; diversify political and economic efforts; and situate the strategy in a regional approach, and a surge of 21,500 troops
  - Petraeus/Crocker Testimony to House Armed Services Committee/September 10, 2007
  - President's Address to the Nation
- House Con Res 63, disapproving the surge in Iraq, passed by a roll call vote on February 16, 2007
- S. 574, expressing the Senate's disapproval on the surge, was set aside on February 17, 2007 after the vote on cloture failed
Surge Strategy and Assessments
- Report of the Independent Commission on Security Forces in Iraq
  - Known as the Jones report and presented to Congress in September 2007
  - Suggests there are steady improvements in the Iraqi military but the Iraqi police forces remain poor
- Securing, Stabilizing and Rebuilding Iraq: Iraqi Government Has Not Met Most Legislative, Security, and Economic Benchmarks
  - General Accountability Office Report 07-1195, released September 4, 2007
  - The Iraqi government has met three of the 18 benchmarks established by the U.S.: establishing security stations and committees around them to support Baghdad as well as establishing minority party rights
  - It has not met de-Baathification, oil revenue sharing, provincial election, and amnesty goals

Withdrawal Strategy

Congressional Deadline Bills (2007)
- H.R. 1591 provides Iraq War appropriations pending a U.S. withdrawal in September 2008
  - Conference version required U.S. to begin withdrawal in October 2007 and complete in 2008
  - House Roll Call Vote
  - Senate Roll Call Vote
- S. 965 calls for withdrawal by March 31, 2008

Woodward Book

Bob Woodward's State of Denial claims the Bush Administration, released on Sept. 30, 2006, was less than candid about the reality of Iraq
Bob Woodward: Bush Misleads on Iraq
- Partial text of Bob Woodward interview with Mike Wallace on October 1, 2006
- For long-term access, University of Michigan affiliates should use LEXIS-NEXIS Academic, Guided News Search, News Transcripts, CBS, the date and Woodward's name
Five Myths in the Woodward Book
- Released by the White House on September 30, 2006

TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT

June 28, 2004

Iraqi Government

Web Sites
- Interim Government
- Independent Electoral Commission
- Ministry of Electricity
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- National Council
Officials
- President - Sheikh Ghazi al-Yawar
- Prime Minister - Ayad Allawi
  - Al Jazeera (May 28, 2004)
  - ABC Australia (May 29, 2004)
  - Economist (May 30, 2004)
  - Speech Before Congress (September 23, 2004)
- Vice President -- Ibrahim Jaafari
- Vice President -- Rowsch Shaways
- Agriculture -- Sawsan Sherif
- Communication -- Mohammed Ali Hakim
- Culture -- Mufeed al-Jazaeri
- Defense -- Hazem Shalan al-Khuzaei
- Education -- Sami Mudahfar
- Electricity -- Ayham al-Samarie
- Finance -- Adil Abdel-Mahdi
- Foreign Minister -- Hoshiyar Zebari
- Health -- Alaa Alwan
- Higher Education -- Tahir al-Bakaa
- Housing -- Omar Farouk
- Human Rights -- Bakhityar Amin
- Immigration and Refugees-- Bascal Essue
- Industry -- Hajim al-Hassani
- Irrigation -- Abdul-Latif Rasheed
- Interior -- Falah Hassan al-Naqib
- Justice -- Malik Dohan al-Hassan
- Labor -- Leila Abdul-Latif
- Oil -- Thamir Ghadbhan
- Planning -- Mahdi al-Hafidh
- Provincial Affairs -- Waeil Abdel-Latif Women's Affairs -- Nermin Othman
- Public Works -- Nesreen Mustafa Berwari
- Science and Technology -- Rashad Mandan Omar
- Sport and Youth -- Ali Faik Alghaban
- Trade -- Mohammed al-Joubri
- Transportation -- Louei Hatim Sultan al-Aris
- Minister of State -- Qassim Dawoud
- Minister of State -- Mahmoud Farhad Othman
- Minister of State -- Adnan al-Janabi

United Nations Role

Draft Resolution (CNN)
- Highlights of resolution proposed by U.S. and UK on May 24, 2004
- Calls for UN Peacekeeping force under U.S. command for one year
- Revised Text (June 1, 2004)
Final Text of UN Sovereignty Resolution (S/Res.1546)
- Passed unanimously by Security Council on June 8, 2004
- Text from United Nations
- Text from MSNBC
UN News on Iraq
- News releases and resolutions about UN's roles in Iraq
- Includes Lakhdar Brahimi's negotiations on a new government, Oil for Food investigation, UNMOVIC and UNSCOM reports

President's Speech Series

Address of May 24, 2004
- Outlines five steps to transition: handover authority, establish security, improve infrastructure, gain international support, and hold elections
Address to Air Force Academcy (June 2, 2004)

United States Role in Transition

U.S. Embassy in Baghdad
- Headed by John Negroponte
- Web site is primarily transition news

PERMANENT GOVERNMENT

Election 2005

Independent Electoral Commission of Iraq
- Laws and regulations concerning candidates, voters, and vote observers
- List of candidates (Arabic only)
- Voter education materials
- Includes results of Dec. 25, 2005 election
International Republican Institute
- Iraqi transitional law in English and Arabic
- Monthly public opinion polls about the election (in general terms) since June 2005
Iraq Election: Who is Running (BBC)
- Brief biographies of the key candidates
- Political parties and parties boycotting the election

Officials

Cabinet Members (August 2006)
Stephen Hadley Memo on Nuri al-Malaki
- Classified memo written by National Security Advisor on November 8 and leaked to the press on November 29, 2006
- Explores possible reasons by Nuri al-Malaki unable to control violence in Iraq and steps to improve the ground situation
- Memo printed in the New York Times, November 29, 2006, Late Edition, Section A, p. 19 but not on its web site
- University of Michigan affiliates should search LEXIS-NEXIS Academic for the New York Times, Nov. 29, 2006 with the following keywords in the headline: national security adviser's and iraq

SADDAM HUSSEIN CAPTURE

Capture

Speeches
- Announcement by Ambassador Paul Bremer
  - Official announcement that Saddam Hussein had been captured
  - Made December 14, 2003 on capture at 8:30 p.m. on December 13
- President Bush's Announcement
  - Brief remarks made by President Bush on Saddam Hussein's capture
  - December 14, 2003
Defense Department Briefing
- Text of presentations by Ambassador Paul Bremer and General Ricardo Sanchez made in Baghdad on December 14, 2003
- Includes slides of Operation Red Dawn, pictures of Saddam after captured, and questions/answers during the press conference

Trial

Statute of the Iraqi Special Tribunal
- Rules for Iraq war crimes trials
- Issued by the Iraqi Governing Council on December 10, 2003
Saddam Hussein's Arraignment - July 1, 2004
- Defiant Saddam Rejects Court, Charges (CNN)
  - Coverage and analysis by Christiane Amanpour, one of the few reporters invited to the arraignment
- Saddam Mocks Court as Theater (CBS)
  - Description of court appearance and definition of war crimes
Trial of Saddam Hussein (Law Library of Congress)
- Very clear description of historical context, court procedures, indictment, and appellate decision
- Includes related treaties, additional readings and web sites
Trial Summary (Court TV)
Verdict (BBC)
- Summaries of the verdict and sentences delivered on November 5, 2006
Saddam's Farewell Letter
- BBC Excerpts
- Washington Post Excerpts

Execution

Saddam Hussein was executed on December 30, 2006, at 6:05 a.m. Iraqi time
CNN Coverage
- Timeline of Saddam's downfall
- Videos and pictures of the execution from Iraqi television
- Some of the images are graphic

INTEREST GROUPS

Bin Laden

Bin Laden Address to Iraq (Feb. 11, 2003)
- Excerpts (CNN)
  - English excerpts of tape broadcast on Al-Jazeera
  - Encourages Iraqi people to launch suicide attacks against Americans but also suggests Saddam could be considered an infidel
See also America's War Against Terrorism

Prominent Individuals

Gore Speech on Iraq
- Former Presidential candidate Gore's speech to the Commonwealth Club on September 23, 2002
- Believes U.S. should finish war on Al-Qaeda first
Scott Ritter
- Text of CNN interview with former UN arms inspector Scott Ritter
- Ritter addressed the Iraqi National Assembly on September 8, 2002
- Said U.S. invasion of Iraq would be a dramatic mistake

Public Opinion

Gallup Organization
- Summary results of most current public opinion polls
- Gallup Poll, 1935 to present, also available in the Graduate Library Reference Room as HN 90.P9 .G18
Year After Iraq War (Pew Research Center)
- Public opinion poll of U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Morocco, Jordan, Turkey, Pakistan on all aspects of Iraq War and relations with U.S.
- Covers opinions at various dates between April 2002 and March 2004
- Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction, effectiveness of war on terrorism, which agency best to reconstruct Iraq
- Favorability ratings of Bush, Blair, Annan and Bin Laden
- Includes Christian and Muslim breakdowns
Pew Research Center
- Text and statistics of U.S. public opinion polls on politics, public policy, and the press
- Current issues include Election 2002 issues and President Bush's clarity on Iraq
Polling Report
- Biweekly periodical with public opinion polls on politics, business, and culture
- October 2002 poll on handling of Iraq
Polling the Nations, 1986+ (UMich Only)
- Indexes public opinion survey questions in foreign countries
- Choose data base; at the NEXT screen, type in keyword search
- Searches may be refined
- Data includes the full text of the question, brief results, and a citation to the article
Roper Center/Public Opinion
- Primarily information about the Center
- Searchable catalogs of its public opinion polls, the Latin American Survey Data Bank and the Japanese Survey Data Bank
- Roper polls can also be searched in Academic Universe (UMich Only) in the Reference/Polls and Surveys section

War Opposition

Alternative Sources on the U.S.-Iraq Conflict
- Alternative news sources and discussion lists
- Weblink to numerous war opposition groups
American Friends Service Committee
- Resource guide on Iraq and the effect of economic sanctions
- Articles on opposing the war and on a post-war Iraq
International Action Center
- Notices of anti-war marches
- Articles and brief opinion pieces on the war
- Organization founded by Ramsey Clark
Win Without War
- Coalition of 32 anti-war groups with Martin Sheen as a media spokesperson
- Organized a virtual march on Washington
- Web sites recommends ways Saddam could be disarmed without war
- Links to related groups

PRIMARY PLAYERS - UNITED NATIONS

Types of United Nations Documents

Official Records

Document	Definition	Index	Full Text
Official Records	Debates	Access UN*, 1948+ UN Speech Index, 1983+	Access UN, 1990+ if vote UNODS, 1992+ (password in DocCen) DocCen in paper and fiche
Resolutions	Legislation	*Access UN, 1948+**	Access UN, 1990+ UNODS, 1946+ (password in DocCen) UN Web Site --GA, 1963+ --SC, 1946+ DocCen in paper and fiche
Voting Records	Country Votes on Resolutions	Voting Records --SC, 1946+ --GA, 1983+	Voting Records --Security Council, 1946+ --General Assembly, 1983+
Mimeographed (Masthead)	Letters and Drafts	*Access UN, 1948+**	UN Web Site, some, 1990+ UNODS*, 1992+ (password in DocCen) DocCen in paper and fiche

*Campus-Licensed Web Site

Definition
- Texts of General Assembly, Security Council, and Economic and Social Council proceedings
- Includes speeches by delegates and resolutions
- Each set has own index by subject and country for each year
- Identify UN series number (e.g. A/45/PV.12, S/RES/242) and ask at Documents Desk for assistance in locating paper copy or microfiche
- Example of General Assembly Index
Indexes
- Access UN (UMich Only)
  - Index to United Nations documents issued since 1948
  - Searches may be defined by author, country, type of document (official record, sales publication), subject, title, text, and date
  - Provides citations to United Nations microfiche and paper records located in the Documents Center
  - Includes the full text of General Assembly plenary meetings (A/PV) since 1993 (48th session) and its committees (e.g. A/C.2/46/SR.1) since the 45th session, 1990, when they contain voting records
Debates in Full Text
- Access UN (UMich Only)
  - Includes the full text of General Assembly plenary meetings (A/PV) since 1993 (48th session) and its committees (e.g. A/C.2/46/SR.1) since the 45th session, 1990
- Full text of earlier years for General Assembly and full text of current Security Council debates in paper and on microfiche in the Documents Center
- UN Optical Disk System has debates in full text since 1992 but is only available by signon in the Documents Center
Resolutions in Full Text
United Nations Speech Index
- Indexes speeches in the General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Security Council and Trusteeship Council since 1983
- Index by country or keyword
- Sample search by country, subject and session:
- Data includes speaker, country, subject, date, record number, and agenda item number
- Does not link to the full text of document
- Speeches are also indexed since 1948 in Access UN (UMich Only)
United Nations Voting Records
- Country voting records on Security Council resolutions since 1946 and General Assembly resolutions since the 38th Session (1983) with a possible one-year time delay
- Searchable by resolution number or keyword
- Data includes votes name of resolution, resolution number, agenda item number, and voting records for individual countries
- Note: the arrangement is by resolution rather by country
- Additional Sources of UN Voting Records
  - United Nations Roll Call Data, 1946-1985 covers General Assembly; in SPSS format; ICPSR membership only
  - Nations on Record (Doc. Cen. JX 1977.8 .V6 N28) has General Assembly roll call charts, 1945-86
  - General Assembly Sessional Index, 1975+ (in Documents Center UN Collection) and Security Council Sessional Index, 1976+ (in Documents Center UN Collection) have similar charts

Mimeographed publications

Definition
- Draft letters and resolutions submitted by delegates to UN
Index
- Access UN (UMich Only)
  - Index to United Nations documents issued since 1948
  - Searches may be defined by author, country, type of document (official record, sales publication), subject, title, text, and date
  - Provides citations to United Nations microfiche and paper records located in the Documents Center
  - Includes the full text of General Assembly plenary meetings (A/PV) since 1993 (48th session) and its committees (e.g. A/C.2/46/SR.1) since the 45th session, 1990
- CD-ROM Index to United Nations Publications
  - Indexes all mimeographed publications and Official Records beginning 1971
  - Level 1 is a keyword index (e.g. China and "human rights")
  - Level 2 permits field limitations by subject, date, country author and type of document
  - Guide to the Readex CD-ROM
Full Text of Mimeographed Publications
- Many but not all are located on the United Nations Web Site
- Full text in microfiche or paper in the Documents Center

United Nations Web Sites

United Nations Web Site
- Basic information on the United Nations (history, charter, member countries)
- Press releases, daily highlights
- General Assembly, ECOSOC, and Security Council publications and resolutions
- Does NOT include debates; see paper copy in Documents Center
- Indexed by keyword and type of document
- Major conference documents, catalog of UN sales publications, audio-visual material
United Nations Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC)
- Body replaced UNSCOM in 1999 and is involved with 2002 inspection negotiations
- Web site includes quarterly reports and historic documents
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM)
- Mandate and membership
- General Assembly and Security Council resolutions relating to UNSCOM
- Various reports on weapons inspection
- Latest semi-annual report
- Replaced by UNMOVIC
International Atomic Energy Agency
- Responsible for the nuclear component in the Iraqi weapons inspections
- Results of the October meeting in Vienna for renewed inspections
- Previous inspection activities

PRIMARY PLAYERS - OTHER INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- Historic documents, NATO Handbook, NATO Review
- Current press releases and fact sheets

International Atomic Energy Agency

International Atomic Energy Agency
- Agency that is inspecting Iraq's nuclear weapons
- Full text of documents and debates from the IAEA's latest conference
- Organizational information and access to the IAEA's bibliographic data base

PRIMARY PLAYERS - MIDDLE EAST

Middle East Area

Arab Net
- Overview, history, business, cultural, government, and tour information for each Arab country
- Government information includes summaries of the national structure, foreign policy, education, health, and the military
- News in Arabic and links to related web sites
Background Notes on Countries of the World (U.S. State Dept.) [Web]
- Summarizes a country's history, economy, and foreign policy
- Updated on a staggered basis every few years
- The latest edition of the paper copy is in the Map Library as G59.U58
CIA World Factbook
- Brief information about a country's population, ethnicity, politics, and economics
- The corresponding paper copy is in Doc.Cen. G 122 .U56--Doc.Ref. [Library]
Encyclopedia of the Orient [Web]
- Multimedia encyclopedia of the Middle East and North Africa from ancient times to the present
- Identifies people, places, and events with hotlinks and maps
- Country descriptions include the populations of major cities
Mideast Web for Coexistence
- Detailed current maps of the Middle East and broad historic maps spanning thousands of years
- Historic peace documents
- Brief economic, demographic and health data for Middle East countries
Model League of Arab States
- Excellent guide to members of the Arab League and related states
- Considerable information about individual countries
- Background information on the League
- Information about Model League of Arab Nations simulations
Near East Division (University of Michigan Library)
- Links to major Near East studies centers, professional organizations, and news sources
- Description of the University of Michigan Near East Collection
Religious Composition based on CIA World Factbook:

Country/Group	Shia Muslim	Sunni Muslim
Afghanistan	19%	80%
Egypt	*	90%
Gaza Strip	*	98%
Iran	89%	9%
Iraq	60-65%	32-37%
Jordan	2%	92%
Kuwait	25%	60%
Lebanon	35%	25%
Pakistan	20%	77%
Saudi Arabia	22%	78%
Syria	16%	74%
Turkey	*	99%
United Arab Emirates	16%	80%
West Bank	*	75%
Al-Quaida	*	100%
Fatah	Secular	Secular
Hamas	*	100%
Hezbollah	100%	*

Related Sources

United Nations Debates for the translated text of statements before the General Assembly and Security Council
World News Connection for English translations of foreign news broadcasts
List of U.N. Security Council Members,

Egypt

Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Statements of foreign policy
- Text of treaties
- Press releases beginning 1998
President
- Press conferences of President Mubarak and news interview

Iran

Iran Weekly Press Digest
- Internal, economic, and foreign affairs news summary
- Current selected articles available without a subscription
Mission to the United Nations
- Text of statements made to the Security Council beginning 1994 and General Assembly beginning 1996
- "Iran in United Nations Resolutions"
- Includes links to Iranian news sources
- Text in English

Israel

Jerusalem Post (Internet Edition)
- Full text of current edition
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Primary documents on the peace process
- Timeline and status of the Wye Agreement
- Facts about Israel
Permanent Mission to the United Nations
- Description of the United Nations issues regarding Israel and historic UN documents
- Geopolitics and the countries with which Israel has diplomatic relations
- Israel does not have diplomatic relations with Iraq

Jordan

Jordan Times
- Last week of political and economic news
- Covering the Iraq situation
National Information Center
- Subject approach to Jordanian government, culture, business, environment, industry, and transportation
- Links to government agencies
- Text in English

Kuwait

Kuwait Ministry of Information
- Full text of Constitution and biographies of leaders
- Brief descriptions of the government, international relations policy, arts, and education
- News releases beginning October 1996
- Text in English
- Web site down, Sept. 2, 2003
Permanent Mission to the United Nations
- Speeches before the United Nations
- Historical background on Kuwaiti issues at the UN
- Security Council resolutions related to Kuwait and voting records
- Conventions signed by Kuwait and information about the mission

Libya

Permanent Mission to the United Nations
- Selected speeches and information on the Lockerbie trial

Qatar

Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Description of the country
- Brief discussion of foreign policy

Saudi Arabia

Permanent Mission to the United Nations
- Selected speeches

Turkey

Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Press releases and statements on Turkish foreign policy
- Government organization and structure
- Information on Turkish economics, politics society, and tourism

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates
- Culture, geography, history, and tourism
- Biography of the President

Yemen

Embassy in the United States
- Expresses concern over use of its country for terrorist attacks

PRIMARY PLAYERS - COUNTRIES OUTSIDE THE MIDDLE EAST

Related Sources

United Nations Debates for the translated text of statements before the General Assembly and Security Council
World News Connection for English translations of foreign news broadcasts
List of U.N. Security Council Members

China

Permanent Security Council Member
Chinese Embassy (Washington, D.C.)
- Substantial information on Chinese foreign relations and public policy issues (human rights, Taiwan, Hong Kong)
- Economic statistics, education information, and travel
Permanent Mission to the United Nations (Geneva)
- Press releases on Chinese policy, including human rights

France

Permanent Security Council Member
Embassy to the United States
- Extensive press releases and statements on foreign policy
- Sections on trade and tourism
- Searchable by keyword in English
France Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Lengthy description of overall foreign policy
- Special sections on defense, nuclear testing, and the European Union
- Text in English with links to other languages
Permanent Mission to the United Nations (Geneva)
- Documents, press releases, and statements
- Text in French ony

Germany

Embassy to the United States
- Cultural and statistical information
- Tracing German ancestors
- Government includes section on foreign policies such as Middle East, United Nations, and former Soviet Union
Permanent Mission to the United Nations
- Statements and speeches in English
- Germany elected as temporary member of the Security Council in 2003

Russia

Permanent Security Council Member
Embassy to the United States
- Description of the Russian government and 1995 civil code
- How to obtain Russian visa
- Press releases on foreign policy, including material on Iraq
Permanent Mission to the United Nations
- Statements made before the Security Council, Economic and Social Council, and General Assembly in English and Russian

United Kingdom

Permanent Security Council Member
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
- Annual report and background briefs on British foreign policy
- Travel and consular advice
House of Commons
- Full text of debates, oral questions, and written answers beginning October 23, 1996 (Hansard's)
  - Searchable by keyword, speaker, type of document, and date
- Members, committees and officers of the House of Commons
House of Lords
- Full text of Hansard's House of Lords debates beginning June 10, 1996
- Members of the House, bills, committees, and officers
Mission to the United Nations
- Statements made to the General Assembly, 1997+, and Security Council
10 Downing Street
- Biographies of previous prime ministers and current cabinet officials
- Prime Minister's speeches, interviews, and press releases

Additional countries

Foreign Embassies Worldwide [Web]
- Links to foreign embassy web sites and gophers in the United States, Canada, and other selected countries
Foreign Governments (UMich) [Web]
- Annotated list of foreign index, foreign relations, and parliamentary web sites
Political Resources on the Net (Italy)
- Hundreds of links to parties, movements, elections, political organizations, government, and embassy web sites arranged by country
- Searchable by country or world region
- Web site has extensive coverage and merits high ratings

PRIMARY PLAYERS - IRAQ

Constitution

Interim Constitution (1990)
Draft Constitution (Aug. 24, 2005)
- Full text of constitution translated from Arabic into English
- Distributed by the Associated Press in pdf format
Draft Constitution
- Text in English and dated May 2002
Draft Interim Constitution (CNN)
- Iraqi Governing Council agreed to text on March 1, 2004; signed March 8, 2004
- Full Text

Government (Hussein)

Interim Government covered separately on this web page
Intelligence Agencies
- Brief descriptions in English
Ministry of Foreign Affairs No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
- Saddam's statements on United Nations sanctions and U.S. aggression
- Outlines United States war crimes
- Discussion of human rights situation in Iraq
- Archived web page from July 18, 2002
National Assembly No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
- List of committee assignments
- Selected speeches
Presidency No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
- Official biography of Saddam Hussein
- Speeches from 1999 to within the last three months
- English and Arabic
Mission to the United Nations No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
- Selected speeches and press releases

Government (Coalition Provisional Authority)

Laws, regulations and orders covering Iraq since May 15, 2003
List of Iraq ministries with web links when available
Commercial solicitations, press releases
Updates on progress toward restoring order (e.g. police stations open
Biography of Ambassador Bremer

Political Parties

Assyrian Democratic Movement
- Statement of purpose in English
Ba'th Arab Socialist Party
- Party of Saddam Hussein
Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party
- For separate Assyrian homeland in Iraq
Constitutional Monarchy Movement
- Describes original principles of the constitution, which were aborted by the coups
- Encourages participation of the Kurds
Iraq Foundation
- News stories about Iraqi opposition groups
- Various reports on human rights abuses
- UN resolutions regarding Iraq
- Links to related web sites on Iraq
Kurdistan Communist Party
- Wants to put Saddam Hussein on trial
Kurdistan Democratic Party
- Tribute to founder Barzani
- Statement of principles
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
- Press releases on relations with Iraq and Turkey for the past few months
- Extensive links to Kurdish news, cultural organizations, and political parties
Turkmen People's Party
- Statement of purpose in English

News

Iraq Daily
- English-language news about Iraq and the Middle East with a Western flavor
Iraq News Agency No longer active. Link maintained for historical context.
- Pro-government news against U.S. war and sanctions
Iraq-Report
- Weekly news summary about Iraqi politics since 1998
- Reporting appears to be objective
- Issued by Radio Free Europe, a U.S. government project
World News Connection
- Iraqi news translated from Arabic to English
- Use a structured search with the SOURCE as Baghdad

Secondary Sources

Background Note: Iraq (State Department)
- Summary of Iraq's history, economics, politics
- Includes Iraq's relations with other countries dating back to 1977
- Updated as of December 2001
Iraq: A Country Study
- Detailed history of Iraq plus geography, politics, culture and religion
- Coverage of political parties, Kurdish problem, and Iran-Iraq War
- Searchable and browsable
- Army Area Handbook dated 1988
Model League of Arab States
- Background information, State Department reports, maps, membership in international organizations
- Speech by Saddam Hussein on anniversary of revolution
- Additional research materials
Sources of Revenue for Saddam and Sons (pdf) (Coalition for International Justice)
- Report claims that Saddam's money coming from oil exports to neighboring countries and outside the Food for Oil program
- Released September 2002 in pdf format

PRIMARY PLAYERS - UNITED STATES

Congress | Declassified Documents | Executive Branch
Laws | Regulations | Web Indexes

Web Indexes

Federal Agency Web Sites
- Cleancut alphabetical listing of federal agency web sites
- Includes search engine
Google Government Search Engine
- Web search engine devoted exclusively to sites with .gov and .mil extensions
- Excellent for federal policy papers
USA.gov
- Official federal government gateway
- Consumer-oriented approach by citizen, business, and government
- Good keyword search engine for identifying current documents

Declassified Documents

Declassified Documents Reference System (UMich)
- Full text of hundreds of Presidential, Congressional, and other federal government documents related to foreign and domestic affairs
- Indexed by author, subject, type of declassification
- Text in HTML or gif format
- Declassified memoes on Iraq, 1958-98
- Corresponding paper index located in the Documents Center (Doc.Cen. Z 1223 .Z7 D34) and microfiche in the Serials Room
- The retrospective fiche is MICRO-F397; the current fiche is MICRO-F X194
Digital National Security Archive (UMich Only)
- Full text of declassified federal documents issued during the Cold War period
- Many of the documents issued by the State Department, Defense Department, and Central Intelligence Agency
- Subjects include:

Afghanistan
Berlin Crisis
Cuban Missile Crisis
El Salvador
Intelligence Community

Iran-Contra Affair
Iranian Revolution
Iraqgate
Military Uses of Space
Nicaragua

Nuclear Nonproliferation
Philippines
Presidential Directives
South Africa
Soviet Estimate

Searchable by a combination of collection, subject, keyword, creator, recipient, classification, document type, and date
In searching a space ; space is equivalent to or; an and must be used in a different box
Example: nuclear ; atomic ; plutonium ; uranium [as keyword] - health [as subject]
Text in pdf or gif format

Declassified Documents and Other Sources for Secrets (Michigan State University)
- Descriptive background on document declassification
- Links to federal web sites with declassified material
- Annotated links to non-government web sites

Executive Branch

Central Intelligence Agency
- Speeches and press releases
- Several CIA publications, including World FactBook and Chiefs of State
DefenseLINK (Dept. of Defense)
- Defense Department speeches and press releases searchable by date or keyword
- Links to Defense Department agencies
Department of State Foreign Affairs Network
- State Department speeches and foreign policy
- Arranged by region and subject
- Most information begins 1993/94
- Search engine accessible through toolbar at top of page
- Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1861- (JX 233 .A3)
  - Full text of declassified diplomatic documents and correspondence
  - Latest volumes are 1968
  - Web Version has selected volumes beginning 1958 and include Johnson Administration policy on Iraq
Intelligence Community (Federation of American Scientists)
- Presidential Executive Orders and Directories, Defense Department Directories, laws and regulations affecting American intelligence
- Links to official intelligence community web sites with FAS model web pages
National Security Agency
- Brief information about the agency
United States Information Agency
- Compiles news and State Department policies about the Middle East
- English and Arabic
U.S. Middle East Policy Data Base
- Annual review of foreign policy beginning 1980
- Part of the Middle East Review of International Affairs web site
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 1993+
- Full text of Presidential executive orders, speeches, press conferences, names of nominees
- Phrases should be in parentheses and Boolean operators capitalized (e.g. "affirmative action" AND "college admissions")
- Table of contents search (contents AND "july 28, 1997)
White House
- Press briefings, speeches and initiatives of the Bush administration
- Updated daily except on weekends
- Use the Weekly Compilation above for permanent access to the Clinton Administration

Legislative Branch

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY PROCESS
- Chart identifies stages of the legislative process from recognition of a problem through bill introduction, committee work, debates, votes, Presidential action, laws, and regulations
- Quick links to public and library sources of the information
JOURNALS
- Congressional Quarterly (UMich Only)
  - Weekly publication with non-partisan political analysis of Congress
  - Identifies major legislation, the issues, and players
  - Roll call votes
  - Political party and election analysis
  - Web coverage begins in 1983 and is searchable
- National Journal (UMich Only)
  - Weekly periodical focusing on politics in the Executive Branch since 1977
  - Includes presidential-congressional relations
BILLS
- Congressional Universe (UMich Only)
  - Indexes bills since 1989 by subject, keyword, sponsor, and date
  - Provides the full text and legislative status
- THOMAS
  - Indexes bills since 1993 by keyword, sponsor and date
  - Provides the full text and status
COMMITTEE PUBLICATIONS
- Includes hearings (testimony), committee prints (research reports), reports (recommendations on bills), and documents (Executive Branch communiques)
- Hearings of House International Relations and Senate Foreign Relations Committees provide Executive Branch policy as well as expert opinions
- Congressional Universe (UMich Only)
  - Indexes published hearings (1970+), committee prints (1993+), and reports (1989+) by subject, keyword, committee, and date
  - Provides an abstract of publications located in the Documents Center in paper and/or microfiche format
  - Includes the full text of selected testimony beginning 1988
- Non-University of Michigan Users
  - Key committee web sites:
    - Senate Armed Services
    - Senate Foreign Relations
    - Senate Intelligence
    - House Armed Services
    - House Intelligence
    - House International Relations
  - Search by keyword in subject and the word "testimony" in web sources like Google's U.S. Government Search and USA.gov to identify Executive agencies and lobby groups which publish testimony on their web sites
  - Contact your local federal depository library
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD [Web]
- Congressional Universe (UMich Only)
  - Indexes Congressional Record since 1985 by keyword, speaker, and date
  - Provides the full text
- THOMAS
  - Indexes speeches on the floor of Congress by subject, Member of Congress, and date since 1993

Laws and Regulations

COMPILED LAWS IN FORCE
- United States Code (via Congressional Universe - UMich Only) [Web]
  - Search existing laws in force by keyword or U.S. Code citation
  - Updated within days of the passage of a new law
  - Provides U.S. Code text as well as references to bill and public law text
  - Locate under Bills, Laws, and Regulations
- United States Code (via Cornell Law School)
  - Text of all laws in force as of January 1996
  - Searchable by popular title of law, title and section of the U.S. Code, or keyword
  - Currently the best interface
PUBLIC LAWS
- Iraq Liberation Act
  - Provides up to $97 Million in funding to support a transition government in Iraq
  - H.R. 4655, Public Law 105-338 (signed Oct. 31, 1998)
- Thomas
  - Public Laws beginning 1973
  - Search by law number or bill number
- Public Laws, 1789+ (via Congressional Universe - UMich Only)
  - Search for full text of laws by keyword, bill number, Public Law Number, and Statutes-at-Large number
  - Provides full text and bill tracking report
REGULATIONS
- Code of Federal Regulations via Congressional Universe (UMich only)
  - Full text of existing regulations in force
  - Searchable by keyword and agency
  - Updated every two weeks
- Code of Federal Regulations (National Archives)
  - Searchable by title and keyword
  - Updated annually
- Federal Register via Congressional Universe (UMich only)
  - New regulations, proposed regulations, notices of grants and agency hearings since 1980
  - Approach by date, agency, type of information, keyword and CFR citation
  - Paper copy in Documents Center for past two years as J 83 .A2
- Federal Register (via GPO Access)
  - Search full text via keyword since 1994
  - Check off Federal Register box on initial screen; see search instructions on the bottom of the screen

TERM PAPER GUIDES

Citation Guides

Citation Guides
- Guides to various printed citation guides in the Graduate Library
- Web guides to citing various formats, including electronic
Turabian Style Guide
- Writing guide recommended by Professor Tanter

Course Information

Description of Professor Tanter's course and its requirements
Detailed syllabus includes web links to related material and to readings
Term papers in text or HTML format

HTML Creation

How to Create Your Own Homepage (ITD)
- Basic guide to creating a web page for University of Michigan students
Web Reference (Athenia)
- Extensive links to web page design for expert and beginner
- Has search engine for rapid identification of design problem
- News and conference announcements

Reference Tools

Dictionaries and encyclopedias
Quotations and writing guides

Research Guides

A+ Research and Writing (Internet Public Library)
- Step-by-step guide to writing a term paper
- Includes tips such as setting deadlines, number of words per page, role of brainstorming
- Instructions on researching both in the library and on the Internet
Library Research Guide (UMich)
- Guide to analyzing class assignment, research, evaluating materials, writing the paper, and citing sources
- Description with links to web sources and printed materials in the University of Michigan Undergraduate Library

Grace York, Coordinator, Documents Center
Todd Baker, Documents Intern, July 2008
University of Michigan Library

http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/iraqwar.html

Since September 30, 2002 this page has been accessed

Documents Center
University Library
University of Michigan
Ask Us!

Books and Articles

Periodicals - Full Text [Web]

Foreign News

United States

Think Tanks [Web]

THREAT ASSESSMENTS

MILITARY BACKGROUND

CONTAINMENT STRATEGIES

WAR

POLITICAL AFTERMATH OF WAR

UNITED STATES OCCUPATION

TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT

PERMANENT GOVERNMENT

SADDAM HUSSEIN CAPTURE

INTEREST GROUPS

Official Records

Mimeographed publications

PRIMARY PLAYERS - OTHER INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES

PRIMARY PLAYERS - MIDDLE EAST

Related Sources

Related Sources

Additional countries

Constitution

Government (Hussein)

Political Parties

News

Secondary Sources

Congress | Declassified Documents | Executive Branch Laws | Regulations | Web Indexes

TERM PAPER GUIDES

Since September 30, 2002 this page has been accessed

Congress | Declassified Documents | Executive Branch
Laws | Regulations | Web Indexes