Selected Papers

• Robert Axelrod, "The Rational Timing of Surprise," 1979.
  
  
• Robert Axelrod and William D. Hamilton, "The Evolution of Cooperation," 1981.

• Michael D. Cohen and Robert Axelrod, "Coping with Complexity: The Adaptive Value of Changing Utility," 1984.

• Robert Axelrod and Robert O. Keohane, "Achieving Cooperation under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions," 1985.
  

• Robert Axelrod, "Tips for an Academic Job Talk,"  1985.
  
  
• Robert Axelrod, "An Evolutionary Approach to Norms," 1986.
  

• Robert Axelrod, "The Evolution of Strategies in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma," 1987.
  With supporting material.
  
  
• Robert Axelrod and Douglas Dion, "The Further Evolution of Cooperation," 1988.

• William Hamilton, Robert Axelrod and Reiko Tanese, "Sexual Reproduction as an Adaptation to Resist Parasites," 1990.
  

• Robert Axelrod, "Citation Classic Commentary," 1992.
  
  
• Robert Axelrod and D. Scott Bennett, "A Landscape Theory of Aggregation," 1993.
  

• Robert Axelrod and Lisa D'Ambrosio, "Annotated Bibliography on The Evolution of Cooperation," 1994.
   
• Robert Axelrod, "A Model of the Emergence of New Political Actors," 1995.
  With supporting material.
  
  
• Robert Axelrod, Will Mitchell, Robert E. Thomas, D. Scott Bennett, Erhard Bruderer, "Coalition Formation in Standard-Setting Alliances," 1995.
   
• Jianzhong Wu and Robert Axelrod, "How to Cope with Noise in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma," 1995.
With supporting material.
 
• Robert Axtell, Robert Axelrod, Joshua Epstein, and Michael D. Cohen, "Aligning Simulation Models: A Case Study and Results," 1996.
  With supporting material.


• Robert Axelrod, "Advancing the Art of Simulation in the Social Sciences," 1997. 2005 update.
   
• Robert Axelrod, "The Dissemination of Culture: A Model with Local Convergence and Global Polarization," 1997.
  With supporting material.
  Other applications of the culture model.
  Java applet by Konstantin Klemm et al. to run the culture model.
  
  
• Robert Axelrod, " Resources for Agent-Based Modeling," 1997.
  With supporting material.
 

• Robert Axelrod, "On Six Advances in Cooperation Theory," 2000.
   
• Michael D. Cohen, Rick L. Riolo and Robert Axelrod,"The Role of Social Structure in the Maintenance of Cooperative Regimes," 2001.
   
• Robert Axelrod, "Tit for Tat Strategies," 2001.
   
• Robert Axelrod, "Theoretical Foundations of Partnerships for Economic Development," 2001.
   
• Robert Axelrod, "Draft Proposal for the Reform and Enlargement of the UN Security Council," 2001.

• Robert Axelrod, "Draft: How to Negotiate for Reform of the UN Security Council," 2001.

• Rick Riolo, Michael D. Cohen and Robert Axelrod, "Evolution of Cooperation without Reciprocity," 2001.
                    Commentary by Nowak and Sigmund on this Nature article,  2001.
                    Response to a Brief Communication on  this Nature article, 2001.
   
• Robert Axelrod, Rick L. Riolo and Michael D. Cohen, "Beyond Geography: Cooperation with Persistent Links in the Absence of Clustered Neighborhoods,"  2002.


• Robert Axelrod, "Risk in Networked Information Systems," 2003.
  


• Robert Axelrod, "Comparing Modeling Methodologies," 2004.


• Robert Axelrod, Ross A. Hammond, and Alan Grafen, "Altruism Via Kin-Selection Strategies That Rely on Arbitrary Tags With Which They Co-evolve," Evolution. 2004.
                      Archive of code and data.


• Robert Axelrod, "Advancing the Art of Simulation in the Social Sciences," 2005 update.
  


• Robert Axelrod, "Proposal for the Community of Democracies," 2005.
  
  
• Robert Axelrod and Leigh Tesfatsion, "Guide for Newcombers to Agent-Based Modeling in the Social Sciences," 2005.
  
  
• Robert Axelrod, "Agent-Based Modeling As a Bridge Between Disciplines," 2005.
  
  
• Robert Axelrod, "Promoting Democracy through International Organizations," 2005.
  
  
• Ross A. Hammond and Robert Axelrod, "Evolution of Contingent Altruism When Cooperation Is Expensive," 2006.
  .
  
• Ross A. Hammond and Robert Axelrod, "The Evolution of Ethnocentrism, " 2006.
                    Animation of the simulation.
                    Archive of code and data.
  
  
• Robert Axelrod, Kenneth J. Pienta and David E. Axelrod "Evolution of Cooperation Between Tumor Cells," 2006.
  
  
• Scott Atran, Robert Axelrod and Richard Davis, "Sacred Barriers to Conflict Resolution," 2007.
  
  
• Scott Atran and Robert Axelrod, "Reframing Sacred Values," 2008.
  
  
• Kenneth J. Pienta, Natalie McGrego, Robert Axelrod and David E. Axelrod, "Ecological Therapy for Cancer: Defining Tumors Using an Ecosystem Paradigm Suggests New Opportunities for Novel Cancer Treatments," 2008.
  
  
• Robert Axelrod, "Political Science and Beyond: Presidential Address to the American Political Science Association," 2008.

• Robert Axelrod, "Governing the Cyber Commons," 2010.

• Scott Atran and Robert Axelrod, "Interview with Ramadan Shallah, Secretary General, Palestinian Islamic Jihad," 2010.

• Scott Atran and Robert Axelrod, "Why We Talk to Terrorists," 2010.

• Robert Axelrod, "Launching the 'Evolution of Cooperation,'" 2012.

• Robert Axelrod, "How Political Science Can Enrich Other Disciplines," 2013.

• Robert Axelrod, "A Repertory of Cyber Analogies," 2014.

• Robert Axelrod and Rumen Iliev, "Timing of Cyber Conflict," 2014.

• Robert Axelrod, "The Effects of Nuclear Weapons on Political and Military Strategy: Lessons for the Very Different Realm of Cyber Strategy," 2015.

• Robert Axelrod and Larissa Forster, "How Historical Analogies in Newspapers of Five Countries Make Sense of Major Events: 9/11, Mumbai and Tahrir Square," 2016.

• Robert Axelrod and Rumen Iliev, "Does Causality Matter More Now? Increase in the Proportion of Causal Language in English Texts," Psychological Science, 2016.

• Morteza Dehghani, Joe Hoover, Rumen Iliev and Robert Axelrod, "Linguistic positivity in historical texts reflects dynamic environmental and psychological factors," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016.

• Benjamin Edwards, Alexander Furnas, Stephanie Forrest and Robert Axelrod, "Strategic Aspects of Cyber Attack, Attribution and Blame," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2017.

• Scott Atran, Robert Axelrod, Richard Davis and Baruch Fischhoff, "Challenges to Researching Terrorism in the Field," Science, 2017

• Robert Axelrod and Rumen Iliev, "The Paradox of Abstraction: Precision Versus Concreteness," Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 2017.

• Robert Axelrod and Kenneth J. Pienta, "Cancer as a Social Dysfunction: Why Cancer Research Needs New Thinking," Molecular Cancer Research, 2018.

• Ke-Chih Lin, Gonzalo Torga, Yusha Sun, Robert Axelrod, Kenneth J. Pienta, James C. Sturm, Robert H. Austin, "The Role of Heterogeneous Environment and Docetaxel Gradient in the Emergence of Polyploid, Mesenchymal and Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells" Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 2019.

• Kenneth J. Pienta, Emma U. Hammarlund, Robert Axelrod, Joel S. Brown, Sarah R. Amend. "Poly-aneuploid cancer cells promote evolvability, generating lethal cancer" Evolutionary Applications, 2020.

• Kenneth J. Pienta, Emma U. Hammarlund, Robert Axelrod, Sarah R. Amend and Joel S. Brown, "Convergent Evolution, Evolving Evolvability, and the Origins of Lethal Cancer," Molecular Cancer Research, 2020.

• Kenneth J. Pienta, Hammarlund, Robert H. Austin, Robert Axelrod, Joel S. Brown, and Sarah R. Amend. "Cancer cells employ an evolutionarily conserved polyploidization program to resist therapy" Seminars in Cancer Biology, 2020.

• Kenneth J. Pienta, Emma U. Hammarlund, Joel S. Brown, Sarah R. Amend, and Robert Axelrod. "Cancer recurrence and lethality are enabled by enhanced survival and reversible cell cycle arrest of polyaneuploid cells" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2021.

• Robert Axelrod, Joshua Daymude, and Stephanie Forrest. "Preventing Extreme Polarization of Political Attitudes" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2021.

• Maryam Mousavi, Hasan Davulcu, Mohsen Ahmadi, Robert Axelrod, Richard Davis, and Scott Atran. "Effective Messaging on Social Media: What Makes Online Content Go Viral?" Proceedings of the Web Conference 2022 (WWW'22). Association for Computing Machinery 2022.

• Robert Axelrod. "How to De-Escalate a Cyber Conflict" in Jai Galliott and Theo Farrell (eds.), Oxford Handbook on Remote War, Oxford University Press, forthcoming. Available at arXiv: 2202.07085. 2022.

• Robert Axelrod, Stephanie Forrest, and Joshua J. Daymude. "Reply to de Marchi: Modeling polarization of political attitudes" Apr 2; 119. 2022.

• A Passion for Cooperation: Adventures of a Wide-Ranging Scientist. University of Michigan Press. 2023.

(All links lead to PDF copies of the research papers, unless otherwise noted.)

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Last updated: April, 2021