1. Ronald Fernandez, Puerto Rico: Past & Present: An Encyclopedia. Hartford, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. 148.
2. Olga Jímenez de Wagenheim, Puerto Rico: An Interpretive History: From Pre-Columbian Times to 1900, (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1998),36.
3: Magaly Rivera, 2006. Welcome to Puerto Rico. http://welcome.topuertorico.org (accessed November 23, 2006).
4:Jímenez de Wagenheim,1998, 32-33.
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6: Clifford A. Hauberg, The Immigrant Heritage of America Series. New York: Twayne Publishing, 1974. 125.
7:Frances R. Aparicio, Frances R. Listening to Salsa: Gender, Latin Popular Music, and Puerto Rican Culture. London: Wesleyan Press, 1998.
Back to Puerto Rico: A Brief History
8:Jímenez de Wagenheim, 1998, 244.
9:Fernandez, 1998.
10:Magaly Rivera, 2006. Music. http://welcome.topuertorico.org/culture/music.shtml (accessed November 23, 2006).
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12: Jeanitza Aviles Calderon, Bomba e Plena:L'Africania di Portorico. 2001. http://www.salsasocialclub.com/ballo/bomba_plena.html (accessed November 28, 2006).
13: Calderon 2001.
14:Jímenez de Wagenheim, 1998, 244.
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15:Aparicio, 1998, 15.
16: Fernandez, 1998, 109.
17:Aparicio, 1998, 23.
18: Fernandez, 1998, 109.
19: Calderon 2001.
20: Lise Waxer, The City of Musical Memory: Salsa, Record Grooves, and Popular Culture in Cali, Colombia. (Middletwon, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 2002), 7.
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21: Aparicio, 1998, 67.
22:Waxer, 2002, 8.
23: Aparicio, 1998, 66.
24: Peter Manuel, Popular Musics of the Non-Western World. (New York: Oxford University Press,1988), 46.
26:Aparicio, 1998, 33.
27: Salsa (dance). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_%28dance%29.
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28: Juan Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2001), 10-11.
29: Silvia Pedraza, “Cuba’s Refugees: Manifold Migrations,”in Origins and Destinies: Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in America, Silvia Pedraza and Rubén Rumbaut (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Press, 1996) : 264-273.
30: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau,The Hispanic Population in the United States: March 2002, Roberto Ramirez and G. Patricia de la Cruz, (Washington, DC, June 2003), 1.
Back to Cuba: A Brief History
31: Luis Rumbaut, “Bolero: Romantic Music of Latin America,” Journal of Latin American Arts and Culture, Oct-Dec, 2002, http://www.lafi.org/magazine/articles/bolero.html (accessed December 14, 2006).
32: Willi Kahl and Israel Katz, “Bolero.” Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy, http://www.grovemusic.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu (accessed November 29, 2006).
Back to Cuba: Bolero
33: Yvonne Daniel, Rumba: Dance and Social Change in Contemporary Cuba (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1995), 33-34.
34: Yvonne Daniel, “Changing Values in Cuban Rumba, a Lower Class Black Dance Appropriated by the Cuban Revolution,” Dance Research Journal 23, no. 2 (1991) : 1.
35: Charley Gerard, Music from Cuba: Mongo Santamaría, Chocolate Armenteros, and Cuban Musicians in the United States (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001), 147.
36: Daniel, 1995, 67-70.
37: Lise Waxer, “Of Mambo Kings and Songs of Love: Dance Music in Havana and New York from the 1930s to the 1950s,” Latin American Music Review 15, no. 2 (1994) : 144.
38: Daniel, 1991, 5.
Back to Cuba: Rumba
39: Maya Roy, Cuban Music (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 2002), 242.
40: Daniel, 1995, 168.
41: Roy, 2002, 92.
42: Gerard, 2001, 68.
43: Waxer, 1994, 157.
Back to Cuba: Mambo
44: Infoplease, “Dominican Republic,” 2006, http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107475.html (accessed December 6, 2006).
45:Infoplease,“Dominican Republic,” 2006.
Back to Dominican Republic: A Brief History
46: Donna Goldstein, “Bachata: A Social History of a Dominican Popular Music,” 2000, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_2_24/ai_79573868/pg_1 (accessed December 2, 2006).
47: Dominican Republic Index, “Dominican Bachata Music,” 1995, http://www.dominicanrepublicindex.com/dominican_republic_bachata.php (accessed December 1, 2006).
48: David Wayne, “The History of Bachata,” 2006, http://www.iasorecords.com/bachata.cfm (accessed December 4, 2006).
Back to Dominican Republic: Bachata
49: Misha Turner, “Dominican Republic,” 2003, http://www.afropop.org/explore/country_info/ID/43/Dominican%20Republic/ (accessed December 12, 2006).
50: Tijana Llich, “Profile of Merengue, Music of the Dominican Republic,” 2006, http://latinmusic.about.com/od/countrie1/p/PRO16BASIC.htm (accessed December 13, 2006).
51: Dance Resources, History of Dances, “Merengue,” 2006, http://www.centralhome.com/ballroomcountry/merengue.htm (accessed December 13, 2006).
52:Llich, 2006.
53:Dance Resources, 2006.
54:Dance Resources, 2006.
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55:Turner, 2003.
56:Llich, 2006.
57:Turner, 2003.
Back to Dominican Republic: Salve + Gaga
58: Waxer, 1994, 163.
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