Figures
This page contains figure files for figures from the book The Science of Music by Mark Newman. You can also download all figures in a single ZIP file here. A few figures are not included because of licensing limitations.
Chapter 1: Sound
| Format | Figure | Description |
|---|
| PDF | PNG | – | Air inside a balloon
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| PDF | PNG | 1.1 | Motion of a pressure wave in a tube
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| PDF | PNG | 1.2 | Sound production by a vibrating surface
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| PDF | PNG | 1.3 | Motion of a sound wave over time
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| PDF | PNG | 1.4 | A sound waveform
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| PDF | PNG | 1.5 | A sound wave traveling in a tube
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Chapter 2: Frequency and pitch
| Format | Figure | Description |
|---|
| PDF | PNG | 2.1 | Accelerating series of clicks
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| PDF | PNG | 2.2 | Flicker fusion rate
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| PDF | PNG | 2.3 | Trumpet waveform
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| PDF | PNG | 2.4 | Wavelength of a sound wave
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| PDF | PNG | 2.5 | Experiment to measure frequency
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| PDF | PNG | 2.6 | A simple one-stringed musical instrument
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| PDF | PNG | 2.7 | Frequencies of notes in a major chord
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| PDF | PNG | 2.8 | Frequencies of notes in a major scale
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| PDF | PNG | 2.9 | One octave of piano keys
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| PDF | PNG | 2.10 | The piano keyboard
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| PDF | PNG | 2.11 | Names and frequencies of notes on the piano keyboard
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| PDF | PNG | 2.12 | Frequencies of all notes on the piano
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| PDF | PNG | 2.13 | Pythagorean and equal temperament major scales
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| JPEG | | 2.14 | Tuning fork
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Chapter 3: Amplitude and loudness
| Format | Figure | Description
|
|---|
| PDF | PNG | 3.1 | Amplitude
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| PDF | PNG | 3.2 | Energy density in a sound wave
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| PDF | PNG | 3.3 | Sound wave blocked by a wall
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| PDF | PNG | 3.4 | Variation of sound intensity with distance
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| PDF | PNG | 3.5 | Curve of constant apparent loudness
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| PDF | PNG | 3.6 | Fletcher-Munson diagram
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| JPEG | | – | Sound level meter
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| PDF | PNG | 3.7 | Frequency response of a type-A filter
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Chapter 4: Waveform and timbre
| Format | Figure | Description |
|---|
| PDF | PNG | 4.1 | Instrument waveforms
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| PDF | PNG | 4.2 | Standard waveforms
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| PDF | PNG | 4.3 | Adding waveforms
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| JPEG | | – | Mixer
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| PDF | PNG | 4.5 | Sine wave
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| PDF | PNG | 4.6 | Making a sawtooth wave
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| PDF | PNG | – | Vase illusion
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| PDF | PNG | 4.7 | Making a violin waveform
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| PDF | PNG | 4.8 | Harmonics
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| PDF | PNG | – | Combination of sine waves (a)
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| PDF | PNG | – | Combination of sine waves (b)
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| PDF | PNG | – | Harmonic series
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| PDF | PNG | 4.9 | Harmonics in standard waveforms
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| PDF | PNG | 4.10 | Half-wave symmetry
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| PDF | PNG | 4.11 | Harmonics in instrument waveforms
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| PDF | PNG | 4.12 | Trumpet spectrum
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| PDF | PNG | 4.13 | Waveform with no fundamental
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| PDF | PNG | 4.14 | Smartphone frequency response
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| PDF | PNG | 4.15 | Cymbal waveform and spectrum
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| PDF | PNG | 4.16 | Changing phase
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| PDF | PNG | 4.17 | Phase cancellation
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Chapter 5: Human hearing and the ear
Chapter 6: Room acoustics
Chapter 7: Recording and reproduction
| Format | Figure | Description |
|---|
| PDF | PNG | 7.1 | The recording process
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| JPEG | | – | Electrical plug
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| PDF | PNG | 7.2 | Sound waveform as an electrical signal
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| JPEG | | – | Resistor
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| PDF | PNG | – | Resistor symbols
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| PDF | PNG | 7.3 | A simple circuit
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| PDF | PNG | 7.4 | A circuit with two resistors
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| PDF | PNG | 7.5 | Volume control
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| JPEG | | – | Capacitor
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| PDF | PNG | 7.6 | A circuit using a capacitor
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| PDF | PNG | 7.7 | The effect of the circuit in Fig. 7.6
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| PDF | PNG | 7.8 | A low-pass filter
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| PDF | PNG | 7.9 | The effect of the low-pass filter
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| PDF | PNG | 7.10 | Frequency response of the low-pass filter
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| PDF | PNG | 7.11 | Sound level decrease upon applying the low-pass filter
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| PDF | PNG | 7.12 | A 12 dB-per-octave low-pass filter
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| PDF | PNG | 7.13 | A high-pass filter
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| PDF | PNG | 7.14 | Frequency response of the high-pass filter
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| PDF | PNG | 7.15 | A band-pass filter
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| PDF | PNG | 7.16 | Frequency response of a band-pass filter
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| PDF | PNG | 7.17 | Transistor circuits
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| JPEG | | – | Transistor
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| PDF | PNG | 7.18 | A loop of wire
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| PDF | PNG | 7.19 | A solenoid
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| PDF | PNG | 7.20 | The core of a solenoid
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| PDF | PNG | 7.21 | Pressure microphone
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| PDF | PNG | 7.22 | Pressure-gradient microphone
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| PDF | PNG | 7.23 | Effective sound pressure measured by a cardioid microphone
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| PDF | PNG | 7.24 | Bidirectional microphone
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| PDF | PNG | 7.25 | Polar plots
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| PDF | PNG | 7.26 | Frequency response of a pressure-gradient microphone
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| PDF | PNG | 7.27 | Frequency response of a microphone
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| PDF | PNG | 7.28 | Directionality of a cardioid microphone
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| PDF | PNG | 7.29 | Condenser microphone diagram
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| PDF | PNG | 7.30a | Circuit diagram for a condenser microphone
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| PDF | PNG | 7.30b | Circuit diagram for a condenser microphone
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| JPEG | | – | Dynamic microphone photo
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| PDF | PNG | 7.31 | Dynamic microphone diagram
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| PDF | PNG | 7.32 | Carbon microphone
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| PDF | PNG | 7.33 | A tape recorder head
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| PDF | PNG | 7.34 | Vinyl LP diagram
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| JPEG | | – | Loudspeaker
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| PDF | PNG | 7.35 | Dynamic loudspeaker
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| PDF | PNG | 7.36 | Output power of a loudspeaker
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| PDF | PNG | 7.37 | Sound leaving a speaker at an angle
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| PDF | PNG | 7.38 | Sound projected by a speaker
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| PDF | PNG | – | Circular speaker
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| PDF | PNG | 7.39 | Angular output of a circular loudspeaker
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| PDF | PNG | 7.40 | Speaker arrangement for surround sound
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| PDF | PNG | 7.41 | The groove in a stereo LP
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Chapter 8: Digital audio
| Format | Figure | Description
|
|---|
| PDF | PNG | 8.1 | Digitization
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| PDF | PNG | 8.2 | Sampled sine waves
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| PDF | PNG | 8.3 | Anti-aliasing filter
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| PDF | PNG | 8.4 | Waveform reconstruction
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| PDF | PNG | 8.5 | Amplitudes
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| PNG | 8.6 | Digital recording
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| JPEG | | 8.7 | Analog-to-digital converter
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| PDF | PNG | 8.8 | Dynamic compression
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| PDF | PNG | 8.10 | Periodic waveform
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| PDF | PNG | 8.11 | Decoding
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| PDF | PNG | 8.12 | Overlapping frames
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| PDF | PNG | 8.13 | Representing harmonics
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Chapter 9: Acoustic musical instruments
| Format | Figure | Description |
|---|
| PDF | PNG | – | Pendulum oscillation
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| PDF | PNG | 9.1 | Vibration of a stretched string
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| PDF | PNG | 9.2 | Volume of a string
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| JPEG | | – | Guitar truss rod
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| PDF | PNG | 9.3 | Sound pressure produced by a moving string
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| PDF | PNG | 9.4 | Acoustic guitar
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| PDF | PNG | 9.5 | Forces acting on a string
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Chapter 10: String instruments
Chapter 11: Wind and brass instruments
| Format | Figure | Description |
|---|
| PDF | PNG | 11.1 | Vibration of air in a pipe
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| PDF | PNG | 11.2 | Wavelength of a standing wave
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| PDF | PNG | 11.3 | Vibration of air in an open-ended pipe
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| PDF | PNG | 11.4 | Standing wave in an open pipe
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| PDF | PNG | – | Nodes and antinodes
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| PDF | PNG | 11.5 | Modes of vibration of a pipe
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| PDF | PNG | 11.6 | Frequency spectrum of a flute note
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| PDF | PNG | 11.8 | Vibration in a pipe closed at one end
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| PDF | PNG | 11.9 | Standing wave in a closed pipe
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| PDF | PNG | 11.10 | Modes in a closed pipe
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| PDF | PNG | 11.11 | Frequency spectrum of a clarinet
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| PDF | PNG | – | Square pipe
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| PDF | PNG | – | Conical pipe
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| PDF | PNG | 11.12 | Frequency spectrum of a saxophone
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| PDF | PNG | – | Bessel horn
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| JPEG | | – | Bugle
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| PDF | PNG | – | Cone segment
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| PDF | PNG | 11.13 | Pressure in a conical pipe
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| PDF | PNG | 11.14 | Tone production in a recorder
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| PDF | PNG | 11.15 | Jet-drive mechanism
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| PDF | PNG | 11.16 | Bernoulli's principle
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| PDF | PNG | 11.17 | Geometry of air jet
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| PDF | PNG | 11.18 | Interior of an organ pipe
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| PDF | PNG | 11.19 | Types of organ pipes
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| JPEG | | 11.20 | Pipe organ
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| JPEG | | 11.21 | Organ console
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| PDF | PNG | 11.22 | Air velocity of an oscillating jet
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| PDF | PNG | 11.23 | Harmonics generated by an oscillating jet
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| PDF | PNG | – | Tone holes on a recorder
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| JPEG | | – | Alto recorder
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| PDF | PNG | 11.24 | Sound pressure in a pipe with a tone hole
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| PDF | PNG | 11.25 | Fingerings on the recorder
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| PDF | PNG | 11.27 | Clarinet mouthpiece
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| PDF | PNG | 11.28 | Airflow in a reed instrument
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| PDF | PNG | – | Clarinet mouthpiece (labeled)
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| PDF | PNG | 11.30 | The double reed of an oboe
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| PDF | PNG | 11.31 | Spectra of oboe and saxophone
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| JPEG | | – | Crumhorn
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| PDF | PNG | 11.32 | Straight bugle
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| PDF | PNG | 11.33 | Shapes of Bessel horns
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| PDF | PNG | 11.34 | Motion of the lips when playing trumpet
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| PDF | PNG | 11.35 | Slide trombone
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| PDF | PNG | 11.36 | Notes on the tenor trombone
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| PDF | PNG | 11.37 | Diagram of a trumpet
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| PDF | PNG | 11.38 | Notes on trumpet
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| PDF | PNG | 11.39 | Tuning on the trumpet
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| JPEG | | – | Harmonica
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Chapter 12: The voice
| Format | Figure | Description | Credit |
|---|
| PDF | PNG | 12.1 | Vibration modes | John Megahan
|
| PDF | PNG | 12.2 | Vocal ranges
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| PDF | PNG | 12.3 | Harmonics of loud and soft notes
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| PDF | PNG | 12.4 | Tongue placement
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| PDF | PNG | 12.5 | Formants
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| PDF | PNG | 12.6 | Creation of formants
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| PDF | PNG | 12.7 | Formant frequencies
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| PDF | PNG | – | Damped sine wave
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| PDF | PNG | 12.8 | Broad resonance peaks
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Chapter 13: Percussion
Chapter 14: Electric instruments and the electric guitar
Chapter 15: Electronic instruments and synthesizers
| Format | Figure | Description |
|---|
| PDF | PNG | 15.1 | Oscillator circuit
|
| PDF | PNG | 15.2 | Oscillator waveform
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| JPEG | | 15.3 | Theremin
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| JPEG | | 15.4 | Moog synthesizer
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| PDF | PNG | 15.5 | Synthesizer schematic
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| PDF | PNG | 15.6 | Amplitude envelope
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| PDF | PNG | 15.7 | Example envelopes
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| JPEG | | 15.8 | Prophet-10 synthesizer
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| JPEG | | – | Yamaha DX7
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| PDF | PNG | 15.9 | Frequency modulation
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| PDF | PNG | 15.10 | Frequency modulation
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| PDF | PNG | 15.11 | Frequency modulation
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| PDF | PNG | 15.12 | Frequency modulation
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| PDF | PNG | 15.13 | Keyboard zones
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| PDF | PNG | 15.14 | Transient and loop
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| PDF | PNG | 15.15 | D'Alembert's solution
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| PDF | PNG | 15.16 | Motion of a plucked string
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| PDF | PNG | 15.17 | Delay line with feedback
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| PDF | PNG | 15.18 | Feedback and attenuation
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| PDF | PNG | 15.19 | Karplus-Strong algorithm
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