Hindi-Urdu has numerous expressions
which require the postposition ka or
ki with their patients:
(from Chapter Twenty-two of
g:aðdan:. See context.)
A certain number of such expressions may occur either with or without
ka ( or ki ) of patient:
3a. us: s:økX m:ðø m:al:t:i
kað ISv:r ki y:ad AaI. . .
[ (3b) is from Chapter Seven of
g:aðdan:. See context.]
When ka of patient is deleted the patient becomes the
direct object or [in (3b)] the subject. Accordingly the verb agrees with
the patient in gender and number:
4. B:òy:ð n:ð Ap:n:i t:aqt:
Est:ðm:al: ki.
If ka of patient is not dropped, some part
of the verbal expression remains as either the direct object [such as
)y:aðg: in (2) or Est:ðm:al: in (4)] or the subject [such as
y:ad in (3a)] and the verb agrees with it
rather than with the patient. Compare (3a) with (3b) and (4) with (5):
5. didi n:ð Ap:n:i Aql: ka
Est:ðm:al: eky:a.
There are many Hindi-Urdu expressions
made up of a verb like kr, hað, or Aa plus
some other element which never show ka of
patient: S:Ø- kr, S:Ø- hað, p:s:nd
Aa, etc. There are others like Ent:z:ar kr or Ent:z:ar
hað which always require ka of
patient. There is no simple way of predicting which of such
expressions always take ka of patient;
which never do; and which sometimes do, sometimes don't. For
instance, m:hs:Üs: kr, An:ØB:v: kr, and Ohs:as:
kr are three nearly synonymous expressions meaning 'to experience'
or 'to feel'. Yet the first never takes ka of patient, the second may or may not, while the
third requires it:
6a. Oðs:a uts:ah us:n:ð kB:i
m:hs:Üs: n:hiø eky:a T:a.
However, a few hints can be given:
I. If an expression contains an adjective, it never has ka of patient: Q:al:i
kr 'to empty', m:hs:Üs:
kr / hað 'to feel',
)y:ØVt: kr 'to use',
p:s:nd kr / hað 'to like', etc. However, knowledge of
Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit may be needed in order to tell what is an
adjective and what is not.
II. If ka of patient can
disappear it is more likely to do so if the patient is inanimate. Compare
(7) with (8):
7. s:hs:a us:ð g:aðb:r ki y:ad
AaI.
(from Chapter Four of g:aðdan:. See context.)
8. t:b: us:ð v:h edn: y:ad
Aay:a . . .
(from Chapter Eighteen of g:aðdan:. See context.)
III. If such an expression contains a noun which is itself modified by an
adjective, ka of patient is more likely to
appear:
9. c:aðr n:ð Ap:n:ð edm:a^:
ka s:hi Est:ðm:al: n:hiø eky:a.
If in such instances the ka does
disappear then the agreement shifts to the patient. Compare (10a)
[in which b:_i agrees with
y:ad] with (10b) [in which
b:_ð agrees not with
y:ad but with edn:]:
10a. l:el:t:a H kal:ðj: kñ
edn:aðø ki b:_i y:ad Aat:i hò.
[ (10b) is from Chapter
Dialog DD by kÙs:Øm:
j:òn:. See context.)
Since there is no reliable way to predict which
expressions taking ka of patient allow it
to disappear, we must rely on lists. In list A below we have excluded
expressions like X ( kað )
m:øz:Ür kr, X (
kað ) p:òda
kr, or m:al:Üm: hað
in which the non-verbial element is (originally) an adjective since
these never take ka of patient. Again the
vast majority of expressions (like X ki )t:ix:a
kr or ka ez:# kr / hað ) which have a noun as a partly incorporated
element always take ka of patient.
Consequently it is probably most efficient to learn by heart the fully
noun-incorporating expressions like AarmB:
kr 'begin' and sv:ikar kr
/ hað 'accept' / 'be accepted' which
never take ka of patient and the somewhat
larger number of expressions like those in list C which take disappearing
ka of patient. In the absence of evidence
to the contrary assume that the remainder of noun-incorporating
expressions belong to list B.
The lists below do not include items already discussed:
A: Expressions which never take ka or
ki of patient:
B: Expressions which always take ka of
patient:
An earlier version of
these notes appears as § 17B in Hook 1979, pp. 158-9.
To exercise.
To index of grammatical notes.
To index of m:lhar.
Redrafted and posted 14 May 2001.
1. ray: s:ahb: kað p:Ürð
G:NXð-B:r un:ki )t:ix:a krn:i p:_i
'Rây Sâhab had to wait for
him for a full hour.'
2. m:ðrð s:am:n:ð
/ y:h S:bd // Es:
S:bd ka / kB:i )y:aðg: eky:a t:að
p:t:a c:l:ðg:a !
'If you ever use this word in front of
me, then you'll know!'
3b. us: s:økX m:ðø m:al:t:i
kað ISv:r y:ad Aay:a. . .
'In that hour of need
Mâlatî remembered God...'
'Brother used his strength.'
'Sister used her wits.'
6b. Oðs:ð uts:ah ka us:n:ð kB:i
An:ØB:v: n:hiø eky:a T:a.
6c. Oðs:a uts:ah us:n:ð kB:i
An:ØB:v: n:hiø eky:a T:a.
6d. Oðs:ð uts:ah ka us:n:ð kB:i
Ahs:as:
n:hiø eky:a T:a.
'He had never felt such enthusiasm.'
'Suddenly she remembered Gobar.'
'Then she remembered that day...'
'The thief made bad use of his
intelligence.'
10b. l:el:t:a H kal:ðj: kñ edn:
b:_ð y:ad Aat:ð hòø.
Lalîtâ : I
remember (our) college days a lot.
X kað Y n:z:r Aa 'Y be visible to X'
us:ð hrdm: m:aòt: s:am:n:ð K:_i
n:z:r AaI. ( from g:aðdan: )
X kam: Aa 'die (on field of
battle); be useful' y:hi p:rl:aðk
m:ðø kam: AaOg:a. ( from g:aðdan: )
AarmB: kr / hað 'begin, start' hm: p:aY AarmB: krðøg:ð. ( from
b:ahri )
X kað x:m:a kr 'forgive X'
eb:radri n:ð Ap:raD: x:m:a kr
edy:a. ( from g:aðdan: )
X ka Ent:z:ar kr 'wait for X'
s:B:aðø ki
AaúK:ðø s:v:ari kñ Ent:z:ar m:ðø
T:iø. ( from c:ndÓkant:a,
1.22.022 )
X ka Qy:al: kr / rK: / hað 'look
after X; keep X in mind, remember X; think of X; pay attention to X'
Aap: dað
b:at:aðø ka Qy:al: reK:y:ðg:a ( from c:ndÓkant:a,
1.14.060 )
b:dÓin:aT:
n:ð un:ki g:ael:y:aðø ka kÙC B:i Qy:al: n:
eky:a. ( from c:ndÓkant:a, 4.13.136 )
En:kað B:i
c:p:l:a ka b:hØt: kÙC Qy:al: T:a. ( from c:ndÓkant:a,
2.04.009 )
X ka Afs:aðs: kr / hað / rh 'regret
X, be sorry about X' m:haraj:a kað
t:ðj:es:øh ka b:hØt: Afs:aðs: rha . . .
( from c:ndÓkant:a, 1.16 081 )
X ka B:raðs:a kr /
hað 'rely on X; trust X'
us:kñ qs:m: ka B:raðs:a
n:hiø ! ( from g:aðdan: )
X ka ev:Sv:as: kr / hað 'believe X; trust X' hira ka Vy:a ev:Sv:as: ? ( from g:aðdan:
)
X ka s:aT: dð 'accompany X'
hm: t:að l:_ki ka s:aT:
dðøg:ð ! ( from c:ndÓkant:a, 1.23 028 )
X ki m:dd kr 'help X'
B:aI ki m:dd B:aI B:i n: krð,
t:að kam: kós:ð
c:l:ð ( from g:aðdan: )
C: Expressions which take disappearing ka
of patient:
X ( ka ) b:y:an: kr 'describe X'
ray: s:ahb: n:ð
T:að_ð s:ð S:bdaðø m:ðø Ap:n:i s:ari
keYn:aEy:aú b:y:an: kr diø ( from g:aðdan: )
X ( ki ) t:l:aS: kr / hað
'search for X' / 'be sought'
Es:kñ m:an:ð
y:h hò ek Aap: hq ki t:l:aS: n:hiø krt:ð . . .
( from g:aðdan: )
m:haraj:
( n:ð )
hØVm: edy:a ek faòrn: us:ð t:l:aS: krn:ð kñ el:O
Aadm:i B:ðj:ð j:ay:ðø. ( from c:ndÓkant:a, 1.18.005 )
X ( ka ) ty:ag: kr / hað
'relinquish X' / 'be given up'
X ( ka ) dan: dð / hað 'donate X' / 'be donated'
X ( ka ) dan: l:ð 'take X (in gift)'
X ( ka ) p:øc:r kr / hað 'puncture X' / 'be punctured'
X ( ki ) c:aðri kr / hað 'steal X' / 'be stolen'
X ( ka ) p:t:a kr / hað
'find out X' / be found out; be known'
X ( ka ) s:øc:y: kr / hað 'accumulate X'